{"title":"A High-Sensitivity Microwave Resonator for Triclosan and Glyphosate Detection in Water","authors":"Abigail González-Zea;Arcesio Arbelaez;Abraham Ulises Chávez-Ramírez;Jose-Luis Olvera-Cervantes;José Herrera-Celis","doi":"10.1109/TIM.2025.3581626","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"This work presents the design, fabrication, and testing of a circular split ring resonator (Cir-SRR) with an embedded interdigital capacitor (IDC) for emerging contaminant (EC) detection. The IDC attached to the outer ring gap of the Cir-SRR concentrates the electric field and improves the sensitivity of the resonator. According to measurements, the IDC/Cir-SRR resonates at 1.77 GHz and achieves a quality factor Q of 295. The simulation reported a hot spot of 115.9204 dBV/m in the IDC detection zone. The resonant frequency shifts approximately 400 MHz when the liquid sample changes from water to ethanol. The sensitivity was studied using ethanol in deionized (DI) water. An average sensitivity of 1.53% was achieved in the relative permittivity range of 18–79. Triclosan and glyphosate were selected as ECs and were tested by dissolving them in a 50% ethanol-water mixture and water, respectively. Linear relationships between the <inline-formula> <tex-math>$S_{\\mathbf {21}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> transmission parameter and concentration were found in the selected ranges of 0–50 and 0–35 <inline-formula> <tex-math>$\\mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>g/mL for triclosan and glyphosate, respectively. A sensitivity of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$6.87\\times 10^{-2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dB/(<inline-formula> <tex-math>$\\mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>g/mL) and a limit of detection (LOD) of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.83~\\mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>g/mL were obtained with glyphosate solutions. In contrast, the values of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.47\\times 10^{-2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dB/(<inline-formula> <tex-math>$\\mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>g/mL) and 1.18 <inline-formula> <tex-math>$\\mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>g/mL were obtained with triclosan solutions. The results suggest that this technology offers a viable approach for the rapid detection of emerging water contaminants.","PeriodicalId":13341,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","volume":"74 ","pages":"1-8"},"PeriodicalIF":5.6000,"publicationDate":"2025-06-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement","FirstCategoryId":"5","ListUrlMain":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11047231/","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
This work presents the design, fabrication, and testing of a circular split ring resonator (Cir-SRR) with an embedded interdigital capacitor (IDC) for emerging contaminant (EC) detection. The IDC attached to the outer ring gap of the Cir-SRR concentrates the electric field and improves the sensitivity of the resonator. According to measurements, the IDC/Cir-SRR resonates at 1.77 GHz and achieves a quality factor Q of 295. The simulation reported a hot spot of 115.9204 dBV/m in the IDC detection zone. The resonant frequency shifts approximately 400 MHz when the liquid sample changes from water to ethanol. The sensitivity was studied using ethanol in deionized (DI) water. An average sensitivity of 1.53% was achieved in the relative permittivity range of 18–79. Triclosan and glyphosate were selected as ECs and were tested by dissolving them in a 50% ethanol-water mixture and water, respectively. Linear relationships between the $S_{\mathbf {21}}$ transmission parameter and concentration were found in the selected ranges of 0–50 and 0–35 $\mu $ g/mL for triclosan and glyphosate, respectively. A sensitivity of $6.87\times 10^{-2}$ dB/($\mu $ g/mL) and a limit of detection (LOD) of $1.83~\mu $ g/mL were obtained with glyphosate solutions. In contrast, the values of $1.47\times 10^{-2}$ dB/($\mu $ g/mL) and 1.18 $\mu $ g/mL were obtained with triclosan solutions. The results suggest that this technology offers a viable approach for the rapid detection of emerging water contaminants.
期刊介绍:
Papers are sought that address innovative solutions to the development and use of electrical and electronic instruments and equipment to measure, monitor and/or record physical phenomena for the purpose of advancing measurement science, methods, functionality and applications. The scope of these papers may encompass: (1) theory, methodology, and practice of measurement; (2) design, development and evaluation of instrumentation and measurement systems and components used in generating, acquiring, conditioning and processing signals; (3) analysis, representation, display, and preservation of the information obtained from a set of measurements; and (4) scientific and technical support to establishment and maintenance of technical standards in the field of Instrumentation and Measurement.