Daniel Monagle;Thomas C. Krause;Aaron W. Langham;Steven B. Leeb
{"title":"Energy Storage Design for Energy Harvesting Sensors","authors":"Daniel Monagle;Thomas C. Krause;Aaron W. Langham;Steven B. Leeb","doi":"10.1109/JSEN.2025.3573926","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Energy harvesting sensors scavenge energy from their surroundings to power themselves without a battery or utility-connected power supply. Sensors that avoid batteries and bespoke power wire connections offer flexibility for avoiding complications in safety and infrastructure. Energy from the sensor’s environment often arrives intermittently or stochastically, complicating the sensor design process. The size of onboard energy storage becomes a critical design decision. Energy storage allows the harvesting system to accumulate energy over time that can later be consumed for sensor tasks. This article presents a modeling and design guide for sizing sensor energy storage. These guidelines balance the tension between cold-start time and steady-state endurance. Cold-start time and steady-state endurance, as a function of energy storage design parameters, are quantified and analyzed with respect to both deterministic and stochastic energy harvest profiles. Results are demonstrated using experimentally measured power consumption data from an industrial machine on a microgrid. Two practical sensor storage design examples demonstrate the design guide. Simulation results highlight the very restrictive storage unit design space over which both fast boot-up and sufficient endurance are satisfied for a notional sensor application. The negative effect of oversized storage on overall sensor <sc>on</small>-time over long time periods of thousands of hours is also demonstrated. These results emphasize the significant impact of storage unit start-up and maximum voltage threshold design choices and their ability to reduce a required storage capacitance by over an order of magnitude to meet the same application requirements.","PeriodicalId":447,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Sensors Journal","volume":"25 13","pages":"24614-24625"},"PeriodicalIF":4.3000,"publicationDate":"2025-06-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"IEEE Sensors Journal","FirstCategoryId":"103","ListUrlMain":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11023069/","RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"综合性期刊","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Energy harvesting sensors scavenge energy from their surroundings to power themselves without a battery or utility-connected power supply. Sensors that avoid batteries and bespoke power wire connections offer flexibility for avoiding complications in safety and infrastructure. Energy from the sensor’s environment often arrives intermittently or stochastically, complicating the sensor design process. The size of onboard energy storage becomes a critical design decision. Energy storage allows the harvesting system to accumulate energy over time that can later be consumed for sensor tasks. This article presents a modeling and design guide for sizing sensor energy storage. These guidelines balance the tension between cold-start time and steady-state endurance. Cold-start time and steady-state endurance, as a function of energy storage design parameters, are quantified and analyzed with respect to both deterministic and stochastic energy harvest profiles. Results are demonstrated using experimentally measured power consumption data from an industrial machine on a microgrid. Two practical sensor storage design examples demonstrate the design guide. Simulation results highlight the very restrictive storage unit design space over which both fast boot-up and sufficient endurance are satisfied for a notional sensor application. The negative effect of oversized storage on overall sensor on-time over long time periods of thousands of hours is also demonstrated. These results emphasize the significant impact of storage unit start-up and maximum voltage threshold design choices and their ability to reduce a required storage capacitance by over an order of magnitude to meet the same application requirements.
期刊介绍:
The fields of interest of the IEEE Sensors Journal are the theory, design , fabrication, manufacturing and applications of devices for sensing and transducing physical, chemical and biological phenomena, with emphasis on the electronics and physics aspect of sensors and integrated sensors-actuators. IEEE Sensors Journal deals with the following:
-Sensor Phenomenology, Modelling, and Evaluation
-Sensor Materials, Processing, and Fabrication
-Chemical and Gas Sensors
-Microfluidics and Biosensors
-Optical Sensors
-Physical Sensors: Temperature, Mechanical, Magnetic, and others
-Acoustic and Ultrasonic Sensors
-Sensor Packaging
-Sensor Networks
-Sensor Applications
-Sensor Systems: Signals, Processing, and Interfaces
-Actuators and Sensor Power Systems
-Sensor Signal Processing for high precision and stability (amplification, filtering, linearization, modulation/demodulation) and under harsh conditions (EMC, radiation, humidity, temperature); energy consumption/harvesting
-Sensor Data Processing (soft computing with sensor data, e.g., pattern recognition, machine learning, evolutionary computation; sensor data fusion, processing of wave e.g., electromagnetic and acoustic; and non-wave, e.g., chemical, gravity, particle, thermal, radiative and non-radiative sensor data, detection, estimation and classification based on sensor data)
-Sensors in Industrial Practice