Energy Storage Design for Energy Harvesting Sensors

IF 4.3 2区 综合性期刊 Q1 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC
Daniel Monagle;Thomas C. Krause;Aaron W. Langham;Steven B. Leeb
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Abstract

Energy harvesting sensors scavenge energy from their surroundings to power themselves without a battery or utility-connected power supply. Sensors that avoid batteries and bespoke power wire connections offer flexibility for avoiding complications in safety and infrastructure. Energy from the sensor’s environment often arrives intermittently or stochastically, complicating the sensor design process. The size of onboard energy storage becomes a critical design decision. Energy storage allows the harvesting system to accumulate energy over time that can later be consumed for sensor tasks. This article presents a modeling and design guide for sizing sensor energy storage. These guidelines balance the tension between cold-start time and steady-state endurance. Cold-start time and steady-state endurance, as a function of energy storage design parameters, are quantified and analyzed with respect to both deterministic and stochastic energy harvest profiles. Results are demonstrated using experimentally measured power consumption data from an industrial machine on a microgrid. Two practical sensor storage design examples demonstrate the design guide. Simulation results highlight the very restrictive storage unit design space over which both fast boot-up and sufficient endurance are satisfied for a notional sensor application. The negative effect of oversized storage on overall sensor on-time over long time periods of thousands of hours is also demonstrated. These results emphasize the significant impact of storage unit start-up and maximum voltage threshold design choices and their ability to reduce a required storage capacitance by over an order of magnitude to meet the same application requirements.
能量收集传感器的能量存储设计
能量收集传感器从周围环境中收集能量来为自己供电,而不需要电池或公用事业连接的电源。传感器不使用电池和定制的电线连接,为避免安全和基础设施的复杂性提供了灵活性。来自传感器环境的能量通常是间歇性或随机到达的,这使传感器的设计过程变得复杂。机载储能系统的大小成为一个关键的设计决策。能量存储允许收集系统随着时间的推移积累能量,这些能量可以稍后用于传感器任务。本文提出了尺寸传感器储能的建模和设计指南。这些指导方针平衡了冷启动时间和稳态耐力之间的紧张关系。冷启动时间和稳态耐久性作为储能设计参数的函数,分别在确定性和随机能量收集曲线下进行了量化和分析。使用实验测量的微电网上工业机器的功耗数据证明了结果。两个实际的传感器存储设计实例演示了设计指南。仿真结果突出了非常有限的存储单元设计空间,在此空间上,快速启动和足够的耐用性对于概念传感器应用都是满意的。超大存储对整个传感器在长时间内数千小时的接通时间的负面影响也被证明。这些结果强调了存储单元启动和最大电压阈值设计选择的重大影响,以及它们将所需存储电容降低一个数量级以上以满足相同应用要求的能力。
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来源期刊
IEEE Sensors Journal
IEEE Sensors Journal 工程技术-工程:电子与电气
CiteScore
7.70
自引率
14.00%
发文量
2058
审稿时长
5.2 months
期刊介绍: The fields of interest of the IEEE Sensors Journal are the theory, design , fabrication, manufacturing and applications of devices for sensing and transducing physical, chemical and biological phenomena, with emphasis on the electronics and physics aspect of sensors and integrated sensors-actuators. IEEE Sensors Journal deals with the following: -Sensor Phenomenology, Modelling, and Evaluation -Sensor Materials, Processing, and Fabrication -Chemical and Gas Sensors -Microfluidics and Biosensors -Optical Sensors -Physical Sensors: Temperature, Mechanical, Magnetic, and others -Acoustic and Ultrasonic Sensors -Sensor Packaging -Sensor Networks -Sensor Applications -Sensor Systems: Signals, Processing, and Interfaces -Actuators and Sensor Power Systems -Sensor Signal Processing for high precision and stability (amplification, filtering, linearization, modulation/demodulation) and under harsh conditions (EMC, radiation, humidity, temperature); energy consumption/harvesting -Sensor Data Processing (soft computing with sensor data, e.g., pattern recognition, machine learning, evolutionary computation; sensor data fusion, processing of wave e.g., electromagnetic and acoustic; and non-wave, e.g., chemical, gravity, particle, thermal, radiative and non-radiative sensor data, detection, estimation and classification based on sensor data) -Sensors in Industrial Practice
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