Mineralization processes in the Suoluogou orogenic gold deposit, Sichuan Province, China: evidence from Au occurrence and trace elements

IF 3.2 2区 地球科学 Q1 GEOLOGY
Chunhua Liu, Denghong Wang, Zhenyu Chen
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Abstract

Clarifying the occurrence of Au, characteristic mineral assemblages, and trace element contents in key minerals like pyrite and rutile is crucial for constraining the mineralization processes and elucidating the ore genesis of the Suoluogou Au deposit. Electron probe microanalysis and laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometric analysis indicate that Au in this deposit exists as invisible Au within pyrite and arsenopyrite. There are four generations of pyrite; three generations of quartz and dolomite; and two generations of rutile, sericite, arsenopyrite, and florencite-(Ce). The first- to fourth-generation pyrite has average Au contents are 26.2, 107, 87.8, and 5.1 ppm, respectively. The second- and third-generation arsenopyrite has average Au contents of 260 and 414 ppm, respectively. There exists a positive correlation between Au and As within pyrite, and the average Au content in arsenopyrite surpasses that in pyrite, suggesting that As plays a pivotal role in the enrichment of Au. The Au mineralization process, as traced by Ti, Nb, W, V, and Zr, can be divided into four stages, with the second and third stages being the main mineralization stages. The first stage is the pyrite and A1 vein stage. The second stage is the pyrite and A2 vein stage, during which fluid rich in ore-forming elements such as Ti, Nb, W, V, Zr, Co, Ni, and Au was injected along the nearly E–W-trending main fault. Due to the strong fluidity of the fluid, the minerals formed during this stage are fine-grained texture. The third stage is the pyrite-arsenopyrite-A3 vein-B1 vein stage. As the fluidity of the fluid weakened, the environment for mineral crystallization stabilized, resulting in the formation of numerous medium- to coarse-grained minerals. The fourth and final stage is marked by the carbonate-B2 vein-B3 vein stage. The water–rock reactions involved in the Au mineralization includes: the first-generation rutile underwent dissolution and recrystallization, giving rise to anatase and the second-generation rutile; similarly, the first-generation florencite-(Ce) experienced dissolution and recrystallization, giving rise to the second-generation florencite-(Ce); K-feldspar + H2O → altered K-feldspar; the quartz recrystallized by hydrothermal processes is mixed with Al, Mg, Ca, K, Ti, Fe, and H2O. Furthermore, carbonatization led to a drastic reduction in CO2 within the ore-forming fluid. As sulfides crystallized, the Au(HS)2− complex in the hydrothermal fluid became destabilized, facilitating the precipitation of Au. The metamorphic-hydrothermal origin of the first-generation rutile found within the ore suggests that the Suoluogou Au deposit is an orogenic gold deposit with a metamorphic-hydrothermal genesis. The presence of anatase, a mineral typically formed at low temperatures, indicates that the main mineralization stage occurred in a low-temperature environment.

Abstract Image

四川索洛沟造山带金矿床成矿过程:来自Au赋存和微量元素的证据
弄清金的赋存状态、特征矿物组合以及黄铁矿、金红石等关键矿物中微量元素的含量,对制约索洛沟金矿床的成矿作用,阐明矿床成因具有重要意义。电子探针显微分析和激光烧蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱分析表明,金以不可见的形式存在于黄铁矿和毒砂中。黄铁矿有4代;石英、白云岩三代;两代金红石、绢云母、毒砂和荧石(Ce)。第1 ~第4代黄铁矿平均Au含量分别为26.2、107、87.8和5.1 ppm。第二代毒砂和第三代毒砂的平均Au含量分别为260和414 ppm。黄铁矿中Au与As之间存在正相关关系,且毒砂中Au的平均含量大于黄铁矿中Au的平均含量,说明As在Au富集过程中起关键作用。根据Ti、Nb、W、V、Zr示踪,金成矿过程可分为4个阶段,其中第二、第三阶段为主要成矿阶段。第一阶段为黄铁矿和A1脉期。第二阶段为黄铁矿- A2脉期,成矿流体沿近东西向主断裂注入富含Ti、Nb、W、V、Zr、Co、Ni、Au等成矿元素。由于流体流动性强,这一阶段形成的矿物呈细粒状结构。第三阶段为黄铁矿—毒砂—a3脉—b1脉阶段。随着流体流动性的减弱,矿物结晶的环境趋于稳定,从而形成了大量中、粗粒矿物。第四阶段为碳酸盐—b2脉—b3脉阶段。金成矿的水岩反应包括:第一代金红石溶蚀再结晶,生成锐钛矿和第二代金红石;同样,第一代弗洛伦石-(Ce)也经历了溶蚀和再结晶,产生了第二代弗洛伦石-(Ce);钾长石+ H2O→蚀变钾长石;经水热过程再结晶的石英与Al、Mg、Ca、K、Ti、Fe和H2O混合。此外,碳酸化导致成矿流体中的CO2急剧减少。随着硫化物的结晶,热液中的Au(HS)2−络合物变得不稳定,有利于Au的析出。矿石中第一代金红石的变质-热液成因表明,所罗沟金矿床为变质-热液成因的造山带金矿床。锐钛矿是一种典型的低温形成的矿物,表明主要成矿阶段发生在低温环境中。
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来源期刊
Ore Geology Reviews
Ore Geology Reviews 地学-地质学
CiteScore
6.50
自引率
27.30%
发文量
546
审稿时长
22.9 weeks
期刊介绍: Ore Geology Reviews aims to familiarize all earth scientists with recent advances in a number of interconnected disciplines related to the study of, and search for, ore deposits. The reviews range from brief to longer contributions, but the journal preferentially publishes manuscripts that fill the niche between the commonly shorter journal articles and the comprehensive book coverages, and thus has a special appeal to many authors and readers.
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