Renin-angiotensin system as an emerging target to modulate adult neurogenesis in health and disease.

Abstract

Adult neurogenesis is a complex multiphase process involving the formation and integration of new neurons into existing brain circuits. Although it was first described over 50 years ago and numerous factors involved in regulating neurogenic niches have been extensively studied, the underlying molecular mechanisms and interactions involved in controlling adult neurogenesis are still not fully understood. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a well-known hormonal system that controls water and electrolyte balance and blood pressure. In addition to the circulating RAS, a local brain RAS has been described, with a key role in brain homeostasis. A wealth of evidence has emerged showing the involvement of RAS in neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation as well as in proliferation, differentiation, survival, and regeneration processes. Moreover, RAS has a role in cognitive function, behavioral responses, and dementia, which are closely related to neurogenic areas. This review summarizes the current evidence on the role of RAS in regulating adult neurogenic niches. We critically discuss pre-clinical and clinical studies investigating the role of RAS as a potential therapeutic target to modulate neurogenesis in pathological conditions.