Advanced wound healing with Stimuli-Responsive nanozymes: mechanisms, design and applications.

Abstract

Wound healing outcomes critically depend on precise regulation of oxidative and antimicrobial microenvironments. Traditional dressings have limited wound responsiveness, insufficient infection control, and limited treatment accuracy. In contrast, nanozymes, featuring enzyme-mimetic activities, tunable catalysis, and engineered sizes that balance catalytic site accessibility with tissue penetration, offer spatiotemporal control of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pathogen elimination. This review systematically examines recent advances in stimuli-responsive nanozymes for wound management, focusing on their catalytic mechanisms and therapeutic specificity. These intelligent systems dynamically adapt catalytic behaviors (e.g., ROS scavenging, bacterial lysis) to physical stimuli (temperature, light, ultrasound) and physiological signals (pH, redox imbalance, ATP levels, microbial metabolites), leveraging size-dependent targeting mechanisms to ensure localized therapeutic effects while minimizing off-target damage. Current evidence demonstrates their multifunctional capacity to synergistically accelerate infection clearance, inflammation resolution, and angiogenesis. Future development should prioritize biosafety validation alongside size-effect standardization, stimulus specificity, and scalable manufacturing to advance personalized nanomedicine for refractory wounds.