Avian interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family reunion: IRF3 and IRF9 found.

IF 4.4 1区 生物学 Q1 BIOLOGY
Lenka Ungrová, Josef Geryk, Marina Kohn, Dana Kučerová, Veronika Krchlíková, Tomáš Hron, Vladimír Pečenka, Petr Pajer, Eliška Gáliková, Ľubomíra Pecnová, Bernd Kaspers, Jiří Hejnar, Jiří Nehyba, Daniel Elleder
{"title":"Avian interferon regulatory factor (IRF) family reunion: IRF3 and IRF9 found.","authors":"Lenka Ungrová, Josef Geryk, Marina Kohn, Dana Kučerová, Veronika Krchlíková, Tomáš Hron, Vladimír Pečenka, Petr Pajer, Eliška Gáliková, Ľubomíra Pecnová, Bernd Kaspers, Jiří Hejnar, Jiří Nehyba, Daniel Elleder","doi":"10.1186/s12915-025-02261-4","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are a family of transcription factors with important functions in immunity. The genomes of most vertebrates encode ten IRF genes. IRF3 and IRF9 have key roles in interferon (IFN) induction and signaling. Most of our knowledge about the IFN pathways originates from the study of the mammalian IFN system, and the description of the corresponding avian components is not as complete. Both IRF3 and IRF9 were considered missing from the chicken genome and from the genomes of other avian species.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Here we describe multiple avian IRF3 and IRF9 genes, all with difficult GC-rich sequence context that prevented their earlier characterization. IRF3 orthologs are narrowly distributed and are present in the avian infraclass Palaeognathae. In contrast, IRF9 orthologs were found in most avian species, with the exception of the order Galliformes. In about half of the avian orders, IRF9 was located in noncanonical chromosomal positions, indicating past translocations. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the correct orthology of all newly described IRFs. We further performed experiments using duck IRF9, confirming its role in the IFN pathway. IRF9 knockout in duck fibroblasts decreases the induction of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Full induction of ISGs in duck cells requires both an intact IRF9 and a canonical IFN-stimulated response element. Lastly, intact IRF9 is needed for IFN-mediated protection of duck cells against the vesicular stomatitis virus-induced cytopathicity.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The identification of avian IRFs fills an important gap in our understanding of avian immunology and brings new questions related to the evolution of the IRF family.</p>","PeriodicalId":9339,"journal":{"name":"BMC Biology","volume":"23 1","pages":"180"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4000,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12220609/pdf/","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"BMC Biology","FirstCategoryId":"99","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-025-02261-4","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"BIOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background: Interferon regulatory factors (IRFs) are a family of transcription factors with important functions in immunity. The genomes of most vertebrates encode ten IRF genes. IRF3 and IRF9 have key roles in interferon (IFN) induction and signaling. Most of our knowledge about the IFN pathways originates from the study of the mammalian IFN system, and the description of the corresponding avian components is not as complete. Both IRF3 and IRF9 were considered missing from the chicken genome and from the genomes of other avian species.

Results: Here we describe multiple avian IRF3 and IRF9 genes, all with difficult GC-rich sequence context that prevented their earlier characterization. IRF3 orthologs are narrowly distributed and are present in the avian infraclass Palaeognathae. In contrast, IRF9 orthologs were found in most avian species, with the exception of the order Galliformes. In about half of the avian orders, IRF9 was located in noncanonical chromosomal positions, indicating past translocations. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed the correct orthology of all newly described IRFs. We further performed experiments using duck IRF9, confirming its role in the IFN pathway. IRF9 knockout in duck fibroblasts decreases the induction of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Full induction of ISGs in duck cells requires both an intact IRF9 and a canonical IFN-stimulated response element. Lastly, intact IRF9 is needed for IFN-mediated protection of duck cells against the vesicular stomatitis virus-induced cytopathicity.

Conclusions: The identification of avian IRFs fills an important gap in our understanding of avian immunology and brings new questions related to the evolution of the IRF family.

禽干扰素调节因子(IRF)家族团聚:发现IRF3和IRF9。
背景:干扰素调节因子(Interferon regulatory factors, IRFs)是一类具有重要免疫功能的转录因子。大多数脊椎动物的基因组编码10个IRF基因。IRF3和IRF9在干扰素(IFN)诱导和信号传导中起关键作用。我们对IFN通路的认识大多来源于哺乳动物IFN系统的研究,而对鸟类IFN相应组分的描述并不完整。IRF3和IRF9被认为在鸡和其他鸟类基因组中缺失。结果:在这里,我们描述了多个鸟类IRF3和IRF9基因,所有基因都具有困难的富含gc的序列背景,这阻碍了它们的早期表征。IRF3同源物分布狭窄,主要存在于古鸟亚纲中。相比之下,IRF9同源基因在大多数鸟类物种中都被发现,除了鸟形目。在大约一半的鸟类目中,IRF9位于非典型染色体位置,表明过去的易位。系统发育分析证实了所有新描述的irf的正确同源性。我们进一步利用鸭IRF9进行了实验,证实了它在IFN通路中的作用。在鸭成纤维细胞中敲除IRF9可减少ifn刺激基因(ISGs)的诱导。鸭细胞中isg的完全诱导需要一个完整的IRF9和一个典型的ifn刺激反应元件。最后,完整的IRF9需要ifn介导的鸭细胞抵抗水泡性口炎病毒诱导的细胞病变的保护。结论:禽类IRF的鉴定填补了我们对禽类免疫学认识的重要空白,并为IRF家族的进化带来了新的问题。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
求助全文
约1分钟内获得全文 求助全文
来源期刊
BMC Biology
BMC Biology 生物-生物学
CiteScore
7.80
自引率
1.90%
发文量
260
审稿时长
3 months
期刊介绍: BMC Biology is a broad scope journal covering all areas of biology. Our content includes research articles, new methods and tools. BMC Biology also publishes reviews, Q&A, and commentaries.
×
引用
GB/T 7714-2015
复制
MLA
复制
APA
复制
导出至
BibTeX EndNote RefMan NoteFirst NoteExpress
×
提示
您的信息不完整,为了账户安全,请先补充。
现在去补充
×
提示
您因"违规操作"
具体请查看互助需知
我知道了
×
提示
确定
请完成安全验证×
copy
已复制链接
快去分享给好友吧!
我知道了
右上角分享
点击右上角分享
0
联系我们:info@booksci.cn Book学术提供免费学术资源搜索服务,方便国内外学者检索中英文文献。致力于提供最便捷和优质的服务体验。 Copyright © 2023 布克学术 All rights reserved.
京ICP备2023020795号-1
ghs 京公网安备 11010802042870号
Book学术文献互助
Book学术文献互助群
群 号:604180095
Book学术官方微信