Impact of Lipid Oxidation Products on Inflammation and Insulin Resistance: A Focus on Mechanisms of Action.

Abstract

The global rise in metabolic diseases, including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases, has reached alarming levels, making them a major public health concern. Despite etiological heterogeneity, these maladies converge upon a triad of interrelated pathophysiological disturbances: chronic oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and sustained inflammatory responses. These dysregulated biological processes collectively underscore metabolic dysfunction; however, whether they work independently or as part of a cascade of mechanistic events is still under discussion. Oxidative stress, characterized by a disequilibrium between the generation of reactive oxygen species and endogenous antioxidative defense mechanisms, plays a pivotal role in the initiation and progressive deterioration of metabolic homeostasis. Likewise, lipid peroxidation engenders bioactive lipid derivatives that instigate cellular insult and perpetuate pro-inflammatory signaling cascades. Given the intricate molecular interplay among these pathophysiological processes, we conducted a comprehensive narrative synthesis to critically appraise the extant evidence about the causal interrelationships between lipid oxidation derivatives, inflammatory mediators, and oxidative stress. Specifically, our analysis aimed at elucidating the underlying mechanistic pathways through which lipid oxidation products modulate insulin signaling within myocytes, thereby influencing the functional integrity of both cardiac and skeletal muscle physiology.