Gene revolution: Unravelling biotechnology for crop improvement

Abstract

The advent of biotechnology has ushered in a new era for plant improvement, unlocking pathways to overcome the limitations of traditional breeding and trait selection. While conventional approaches such as genetic engineering and molecular markers have laid the foundation, recent innovations like RNA interference (RNAi), microRNAs, and microproteins are now offering more precise and efficient control over gene expression and regulatory networks. These tools are proving invaluable in modifying complex traits such as stress tolerance, disease resistance, and nutrient uptake in plants.

In addition to Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR-Cas) systems, newer genome-editing techniques such as base editing and prime editing have emerged, allowing targeted and reversible changes in DNA without inducing double-strand breaks. These advancements are rapidly pushing the boundaries of what is possible in crop improvement, enabling fine-tuned modifications to address global challenges like climate change, food security, and sustainable agriculture. The integration of these tools with omics technologies and high-throughput phenotyping further accelerates the development of elite cultivars suitable for specific environments.

Understanding the key biotechnological innovations, their applications in real-world breeding programs, and the future directions of plant biotechnology can help us to meet the demands of the escalating population. Additionally, it is equally important to consider the ethical and regulatory frameworks necessary to ensure responsible use of these technologies in agriculture. By utilizing such advanced tools, we can significantly enhance climate resilience, productivity, and sustainability of global food systems.