Has the epidemiologic conundrum of Rift Valley fever changed?

Abstract

Rift Valley fever (RVF) is an acute, vector-borne viral zoonotic disease primarily affecting cattle, sheep, goats, and camels with significant public health and socio-economic impacts. The disease, caused by the Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), has a complex epidemiology involving multiple vertebrate hosts and mosquito vectors. RVF outbreaks are often associated with prolonged rainfall and flooding, leading to periodic epizootics in endemic regions and potential spread to new areas. Despite its severe consequences, RVF has historically received inadequate attention in international public health efforts. However, its recent classification as a potential bioterrorism agent has spurred global interest in diagnostics and vaccine development. The disease's epidemiology is further complicated by factors such as climate change, uncontrolled urbanization, and increased global movement of livestock. An important aspect of RVF's epidemiology is the observed epidemiologic shift, characterized by changes in disease patterns, mortality rates, and the dynamics of virus transmission. Effective control and prevention of RVF require a multifaceted approach, including vaccination, vector control, and public education. The One Health approach, which promotes multisectoral and multidisciplinary collaboration, is essential for addressing the complex epidemiological pathways of RVF. Future research should focus on understanding the disease's dynamics during inter-epidemic periods, improving surveillance systems, and developing effective vaccines and therapeutics. Strengthening preparedness and response capacities in affected regions is crucial to mitigate the impacts of potential RVF outbreaks.