Effect of a New Formulation Bleaching Gel Containing Nanosized β-Calcium Glycerophosphate on Mechanical Properties, Color, and Cytotoxicity Response: In Vitro Study.
Giovanna Lima Fortunato, Klaus Rischka, Rafael Antonio de Oliveira Ribeiro, Carlos Alberto de Souza Costa, Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem, Emerson Rodrigues de Camargo, Marcelle Danelon
{"title":"Effect of a New Formulation Bleaching Gel Containing Nanosized β-Calcium Glycerophosphate on Mechanical Properties, Color, and Cytotoxicity Response: In Vitro Study.","authors":"Giovanna Lima Fortunato, Klaus Rischka, Rafael Antonio de Oliveira Ribeiro, Carlos Alberto de Souza Costa, Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem, Emerson Rodrigues de Camargo, Marcelle Danelon","doi":"10.1111/jerd.13503","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>This study aimed to evaluate, in vitro, the effects of fluoride (F) and nano-sized β-calcium glycerophosphate (β-CaGPnano) added to a 35% H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> bleaching gel (HP) on the enamel hardness, morphological properties, the color change, trans-amelodentinal diffusion of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, and cytotoxicity.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Bovine enamel/dentin samples (n = 126) were divided according to the bleaching gel: a) 35% Hydrogen Peroxide (HP); b) HP Blue 35%-FGM-Produtos Odontológicos (HP Blue); c) HP + 0.1% NaF (HP/F); d) HP + 0.25%β-CaGPnano (HP/0.25%β-CaGPnano); e) HP + 0.1% NaF + 0.25%β-CaGPnano (HP/F/0.25%β-CaGPnano); f) HP + 0.5%β-CaGPnano (HP/0.5%β-CaGPnano); g) HP + 0.1% NaF + 0.5%β-CaGPnano (HP/F/0.5%β-CaGPnano). The bleaching gels were applied thrice (40 min/session) at 7-day intervals between each application. Zeta potential (Zp), polydispersity index (PdI), percentage of loss of surface Vickers hardness (%VHN), surface roughness (Ra), color change, enamel surface morphology, trans-amelodentinal penetration of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, and cell viability (MDPC-23 odontoblast-like cells) were determined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Similar ZP and PdI values were observed for all bleaching gels (p > 0.05). The treatment with HP/F/0.25%β-CaGPnano resulted in a decrease in %VHN by 86.0%, 81.0%, and 66.0% compared to the HP, HP/F, and HP Blue gels (p < 0.05). For Ra, HP and HP Blue were similar (p > 0.05). All groups receiving F or β-CaGPnano showed a significant increase in color change (p < 0.05). The F/0.5%β-CaGPnano resulted in the lowest H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> diffusion/oxidative stress (p < 0.05). A significant reduction in cell viability was observed in all bleached groups compared to the NC (p < 0.05). The F and/or β-CaGPnano gels resulted in the highest level of cell viability (p < 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Within the limitations of the present study, it was concluded that the incorporation of fluoride and nano-sized β-calcium glycerophosphate (F/β-CaGPnano) into the 35% hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) bleaching gel significantly enhanced its whitening efficacy. The modified formulation also reduced enamel mineral loss when compared to the conventional gel. In addition, the presence of F/β-CaGPnano promoted better morphological preservation of dental tissues and resulted in smoother enamel surfaces. Furthermore, the F/0.5%β-CaGPnano formulation effectively reduced the trans-amelodentinal diffusion of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, leading to the lowest peroxide penetration and oxidative stress levels among the tested groups. Finally, the addition of fluoride and/or β-CaGPnano reduced the cytotoxic effects and increased cell viability, demonstrating improved biocompatibility of the bleaching gel.</p>","PeriodicalId":15988,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2000,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1111/jerd.13503","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"DENTISTRY, ORAL SURGERY & MEDICINE","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to evaluate, in vitro, the effects of fluoride (F) and nano-sized β-calcium glycerophosphate (β-CaGPnano) added to a 35% H2O2 bleaching gel (HP) on the enamel hardness, morphological properties, the color change, trans-amelodentinal diffusion of H2O2, and cytotoxicity.
Methods: Bovine enamel/dentin samples (n = 126) were divided according to the bleaching gel: a) 35% Hydrogen Peroxide (HP); b) HP Blue 35%-FGM-Produtos Odontológicos (HP Blue); c) HP + 0.1% NaF (HP/F); d) HP + 0.25%β-CaGPnano (HP/0.25%β-CaGPnano); e) HP + 0.1% NaF + 0.25%β-CaGPnano (HP/F/0.25%β-CaGPnano); f) HP + 0.5%β-CaGPnano (HP/0.5%β-CaGPnano); g) HP + 0.1% NaF + 0.5%β-CaGPnano (HP/F/0.5%β-CaGPnano). The bleaching gels were applied thrice (40 min/session) at 7-day intervals between each application. Zeta potential (Zp), polydispersity index (PdI), percentage of loss of surface Vickers hardness (%VHN), surface roughness (Ra), color change, enamel surface morphology, trans-amelodentinal penetration of H2O2, and cell viability (MDPC-23 odontoblast-like cells) were determined.
Results: Similar ZP and PdI values were observed for all bleaching gels (p > 0.05). The treatment with HP/F/0.25%β-CaGPnano resulted in a decrease in %VHN by 86.0%, 81.0%, and 66.0% compared to the HP, HP/F, and HP Blue gels (p < 0.05). For Ra, HP and HP Blue were similar (p > 0.05). All groups receiving F or β-CaGPnano showed a significant increase in color change (p < 0.05). The F/0.5%β-CaGPnano resulted in the lowest H2O2 diffusion/oxidative stress (p < 0.05). A significant reduction in cell viability was observed in all bleached groups compared to the NC (p < 0.05). The F and/or β-CaGPnano gels resulted in the highest level of cell viability (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: Within the limitations of the present study, it was concluded that the incorporation of fluoride and nano-sized β-calcium glycerophosphate (F/β-CaGPnano) into the 35% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) bleaching gel significantly enhanced its whitening efficacy. The modified formulation also reduced enamel mineral loss when compared to the conventional gel. In addition, the presence of F/β-CaGPnano promoted better morphological preservation of dental tissues and resulted in smoother enamel surfaces. Furthermore, the F/0.5%β-CaGPnano formulation effectively reduced the trans-amelodentinal diffusion of H2O2, leading to the lowest peroxide penetration and oxidative stress levels among the tested groups. Finally, the addition of fluoride and/or β-CaGPnano reduced the cytotoxic effects and increased cell viability, demonstrating improved biocompatibility of the bleaching gel.
期刊介绍:
The Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry (JERD) is the longest standing peer-reviewed journal devoted solely to advancing the knowledge and practice of esthetic dentistry. Its goal is to provide the very latest evidence-based information in the realm of contemporary interdisciplinary esthetic dentistry through high quality clinical papers, sound research reports and educational features.
The range of topics covered in the journal includes:
- Interdisciplinary esthetic concepts
- Implants
- Conservative adhesive restorations
- Tooth Whitening
- Prosthodontic materials and techniques
- Dental materials
- Orthodontic, periodontal and endodontic esthetics
- Esthetics related research
- Innovations in esthetics