{"title":"A Scoping Review on Epidemiological Risk Factors and Treatment Modalities for Snakebites in India.","authors":"Soumyajit Saha, Swati Behera, Srajana U Kotekar, Shafeeq Hameed, Navya Vyas","doi":"10.4103/ijph.ijph_824_24","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Snakebite is a major public health concern in India and is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Death and significant health repercussions caused by snakebites can be effectively mitigated with easy access to safe and effective antivenoms and enhanced awareness among healthcare professionals and the general public.</p><p><strong>Objectives: </strong>This review investigates the factors influencing snakebite outcomes and the current treatment options in India.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and grey literature from World Health Organization and Government of India databases, focusing on studies published between 2012 and 2022. Inclusion criteria encompassed cross-sectional, intervention, descriptive, qualitative studies, case reports, and case series published in English, concentrating on snakebite envenoming.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Key findings included a lack of community awareness regarding early identification and management of snakebites, insufficient information on updated treatment protocols among healthcare providers, poor health-seeking behavior of victims, high reliance on untrained folk healers for initial treatment, and inadequate availability of anti-snake venom. These factors significantly impact snakebite-related outcomes.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This scoping review provides valuable insights on the formulation of evidence-based policies that focus on reducing the impact of snakebite and improving patient outcomes in India, with the ultimate goal of achieving a 50% reduction in the number of deaths and cases of disability due to snakebite by 2030.</p>","PeriodicalId":13298,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of public health","volume":"69 2","pages":"203-210"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9000,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Indian journal of public health","FirstCategoryId":"3","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.4103/ijph.ijph_824_24","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"2025/6/30 0:00:00","PubModel":"Epub","JCR":"Q4","JCRName":"PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
Background: Snakebite is a major public health concern in India and is associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Death and significant health repercussions caused by snakebites can be effectively mitigated with easy access to safe and effective antivenoms and enhanced awareness among healthcare professionals and the general public.
Objectives: This review investigates the factors influencing snakebite outcomes and the current treatment options in India.
Materials and methods: The literature search was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and grey literature from World Health Organization and Government of India databases, focusing on studies published between 2012 and 2022. Inclusion criteria encompassed cross-sectional, intervention, descriptive, qualitative studies, case reports, and case series published in English, concentrating on snakebite envenoming.
Results: Key findings included a lack of community awareness regarding early identification and management of snakebites, insufficient information on updated treatment protocols among healthcare providers, poor health-seeking behavior of victims, high reliance on untrained folk healers for initial treatment, and inadequate availability of anti-snake venom. These factors significantly impact snakebite-related outcomes.
Conclusion: This scoping review provides valuable insights on the formulation of evidence-based policies that focus on reducing the impact of snakebite and improving patient outcomes in India, with the ultimate goal of achieving a 50% reduction in the number of deaths and cases of disability due to snakebite by 2030.
背景：蛇咬伤是印度一个主要的公共卫生问题，与高发病率和死亡率有关。通过容易获得安全有效的抗蛇毒血清和提高卫生保健专业人员和公众的认识，可以有效地减轻蛇咬伤造成的死亡和严重的健康影响。目的：本综述调查了影响印度蛇咬伤结果的因素和目前的治疗方案。材料和方法：文献检索使用PubMed、Scopus、谷歌Scholar、Web of Science以及来自世界卫生组织和印度政府数据库的灰色文献，重点是2012年至2022年发表的研究。纳入标准包括横断面研究、干预研究、描述性研究、定性研究、病例报告和以英文发表的病例系列，重点研究蛇咬伤的发生。结果：主要发现包括社区对蛇咬伤的早期识别和管理缺乏认识，卫生保健提供者对最新治疗方案的信息不足，受害者的求医行为不佳，高度依赖未经训练的民间治疗师进行初步治疗，以及抗蛇毒的供应不足。这些因素显著影响蛇咬伤相关的结果。结论：这项范围审查为制定循证政策提供了宝贵的见解，这些政策的重点是减少蛇咬伤的影响，改善印度患者的治疗效果，最终目标是到2030年将蛇咬伤导致的死亡和残疾人数减少50%。
期刊介绍：
Indian Journal of Public Health is a peer-reviewed international journal published Quarterly by the Indian Public Health Association. It is indexed / abstracted by the major international indexing systems like Index Medicus/MEDLINE, SCOPUS, PUBMED, etc. The journal allows free access (Open Access) to its contents and permits authors to self-archive final accepted version of the articles. The Indian Journal of Public Health publishes articles of authors from India and abroad with special emphasis on original research findings that are relevant for developing country perspectives including India. The journal considers publication of articles as original article, review article, special article, brief research article, CME / Education forum, commentary, letters to editor, case series reports, etc. The journal covers population based studies, impact assessment, monitoring and evaluation, systematic review, meta-analysis, clinic-social studies etc., related to any domain and discipline of public health, specially relevant to national priorities, including ethical and social issues. Articles aligned with national health issues and policy implications are prefered.
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