Bacterial Cellulose-Based Laser-Scribed Graphene Electrode for Hydrogen Peroxide Detection in Cancer Cells.

Abstract

The development of sustainable and high-performance electrochemical sensors is crucial for advancing biomedical applications. In this work, we introduce a hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) sensor based on bacterial cellulose-derived laser-scribed graphene (BC-LSG), modified with MXene and platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs). Bacterial cellulose (BC), a biodegradable and renewable material, was cultivated and transformed into a highly conductive carbon network using CO₂ laser irradiation, producing a flexible, portable, and miniaturized electrochemical platform. The incorporation of MXene and PtNPs significantly enhanced the electrocatalytic response toward H₂O₂ oxidation, achieving a wide linear concentration range (15-95 μmol L^-1) and a low detection limit (0.35 μmol L^-1). Compared to traditional enzymatic sensors, our nanostructured BC-LSG device offers superior stability, reproducibility, and eco-friendliness, aligning with green analytical chemistry principles. The sensor was successfully applied for H₂O₂ detection in mammalian cells, demonstrating its potential for real-time monitoring of oxidative stress, a key biomarker in cancer progression and therapeutic responses. This work underscores the synergy between biopolymeric materials, nanotechnology, and laser processing, opening new avenues for scalable, disposable, and sustainable electrochemical devices.