Can lead content be measured by handheld X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy to meet REACH regulation?

IF 3.8 4区工程技术 Q2 CHEMISTRY, APPLIED

Journal of Vinyl & Additive Technology Pub Date : 2025-04-04 DOI:10.1002/vnl.22220

Stefano Gardi, Isotta Bonvicini, Michele Costa, Francesca Orsini, Letizia Maria Polci, Gianluca Sarti

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Lead compounds have long been the most commonly used stabilizers for PVC products, but they are classified as toxic to reproduction category 1A, and their use is restricted in Europe. To promote recycling, the European Union adopted Regulation (EU) 2023/923, which permits the use of recycled rigid PVC (PVC-U) containing up to 1.5% w/w of lead in specific products. This study compares the results obtained from two different handheld X-Ray Fluorescence (HHXRF) devices on samples with known composition, also considering the matrix effect. This kind of evaluation is still missing in the literature. The measurements from both HHXRF devices show that the lead content falls within the 13% of relative inaccuracy range specified for lead in IEC 62321-3-1:2013, the standard currently used for determining lead in electrotechnical products. To assess whether the matrix effect can influence the measurements, two samples were produced by altering only the content of titanium dioxide. The results from both instruments were not significantly different, considering the 13% inaccuracy. In conclusion, HHXRF could be an effective method to determine the lead concentration in its usual dosage in the PVC-U matrix. In case of inconclusive results based on this range, it is recommended to analyze the sample with another, more accurate technique, such as ICP.

Highlights

Statistical evaluation of accuracy of lead in samples with known composition.
Evaluation of significant excess legal concentration.
Prove infringements with fast and massive checks.

Abstract Image

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手持式x射线荧光光谱法测量铅含量是否符合REACH法规？

铅化合物长期以来一直是PVC产品最常用的稳定剂，但它们被归类为对生殖有毒的1A类，在欧洲被限制使用。为了促进回收利用，欧盟通过了法规（EU） 2023/923，该法规允许在特定产品中使用含有高达1.5% w/w铅的再生硬质PVC （PVC- u）。本研究比较了两种不同的手持x射线荧光（HHXRF）设备对已知成分样品的结果，也考虑了基质效应。这种评价在文献中尚属缺失。两种HHXRF器件的测量结果表明，铅含量落在IEC 62321-3-1:2013中规定的相对不准确性范围的13%之内，该标准目前用于测定电工产品中的铅。为了评估基质效应是否会影响测量，只通过改变二氧化钛的含量产生了两个样品。考虑到13%的不准确性，两种仪器的结果没有显著差异。综上所述，HHXRF可作为测定PVC-U基质中铅浓度的有效方法。如果在此范围内得出不确定的结果，建议使用另一种更准确的技术（如ICP）分析样品。强调对已知成分样品中铅的准确性进行统计评估。对显著过度法定集中的评估。通过快速和大规模的检查来证明侵权。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Journal of Vinyl & Additive Technology 工程技术-材料科学：纺织

CiteScore

5.40

自引率

14.80%

发文量

审稿时长

>12 weeks

期刊介绍： Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology is a peer-reviewed technical publication for new work in the fields of polymer modifiers and additives, vinyl polymers and selected review papers. Over half of all papers in JVAT are based on technology of additives and modifiers for all classes of polymers: thermoset polymers and both condensation and addition thermoplastics. Papers on vinyl technology include PVC additives.