The Impact of Parafunctional Habits on Orthodontic Malocclusions in Children With Cerebral Palsy

IF 1.8 4区医学 Q2 PEDIATRICS

Child Care Health and Development Pub Date : 2025-07-01 DOI:10.1111/cch.70131

Esra Tunalı, Şeniz Karaçay, Arda Tabancalı, Büşra Seda İmamoğlu, Ersin Yıldırım, Turgay Arık

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Abstract

Background

This study aimed to investigate the correlation between orthodontic malocclusion and parafunctional habits, including atypical swallowing, mouth breathing and drooling, in children with cerebral palsy (CP).

Methods

Fifty-one children with CP (ages 6–14) from the Spastic Children Foundation were assessed. Drooling, lip incompetence and malocclusion were evaluated using the Balasco and Ballard methods, Angle Classification and WHO standards. Soft tissue relations, facial type, profile and face ratios were examined via extraoral assessment and photo analysis. Fisher's exact test was used for statistical analysis.

Results

Among the children, 47% had lip incompetence, 57% exhibited mouth breathing, 63% had atypical swallowing and 66% showed increased overjet. Malocclusion findings included 45% with Class II molar relationships and 66% with parafunctional habits. A significant relationship was found between parafunctional habits and orthodontic malocclusion (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

A high prevalence of parafunctional habits was observed in children with CP, significantly correlating with orthodontic issues. Early preventive and interceptive orthodontic treatment before the growth phase is essential to improve swallowing, chewing, respiratory function and nutritional intake, ultimately enhancing overall quality of life.

Summary

Parafunctional habits are highly prevalent in children with cerebral palsy.
These habits are significantly associated with the development of malocclusion and craniofacial morphology.
Complex tongue thrust, mouth breathing and severe drooling are strongly linked to skeletal and dental anomalies.
Early multidisciplinary follow-up and preventive orthodontic approaches can reduce long-term complications.
Swallowing patterns, respiratory types and oral motor functions should be evaluated together in clinical assessment and treatment planning.

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辅助功能习惯对脑瘫儿童正畸畸形的影响

本研究旨在探讨脑瘫（CP）患儿正畸错与非典型吞咽、口呼吸和流口水等功能习惯的关系。方法对来自痉挛儿童基金会的51例6 ~ 14岁的CP患儿进行评估。采用Balasco和Ballard方法、角度分类和WHO标准对流口水、唇部功能不全和错颌畸形进行评价。通过口外评估和照片分析检查软组织关系、面部类型、轮廓和面部比例。采用费雪精确检验进行统计分析。结果47%患儿出现唇部功能不全，57%患儿出现口呼吸，63%患儿出现非典型吞咽，66%患儿出现溢流。错颌发现包括45%的II类磨牙关系和66%的功能习惯。副功能习惯与正畸错有显著相关性（p < 0.05）。结论CP患儿有较高的功能习惯患病率，与正畸问题有显著关系。在生长阶段之前进行早期预防和拦截正畸治疗对于改善吞咽、咀嚼、呼吸功能和营养摄入至关重要，最终提高整体生活质量。副功能习惯在脑瘫儿童中非常普遍。这些习惯与错牙合和颅面形态的发展显著相关。复杂的舌突、口腔呼吸和严重的流口水与骨骼和牙齿异常密切相关。早期多学科随访和预防性正畸入路可减少长期并发症。在临床评估和治疗计划中应同时评估吞咽方式、呼吸类型和口腔运动功能。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Child Care Health and Development 医学-小儿科

CiteScore

3.40

自引率

5.30%

发文量

136

审稿时长

4-8 weeks

期刊介绍： Child: care, health and development is an international, peer-reviewed journal which publishes papers dealing with all aspects of the health and development of children and young people. We aim to attract quantitative and qualitative research papers relevant to people from all disciplines working in child health. We welcome studies which examine the effects of social and environmental factors on health and development as well as those dealing with clinical issues, the organization of services and health policy. We particularly encourage the submission of studies related to those who are disadvantaged by physical, developmental, emotional and social problems. The journal also aims to collate important research findings and to provide a forum for discussion of global child health issues.