Coordination and organometallic compounds of graphyne and graphdiyne: Synthesis, properties and applications

Abstract

Graphyne (GY) and graphdiyne (GDY) are the different polymorphs of carbon with sp and sp²-hybridization, and have arisen as gifted 2D-materials for various applications in electronics, energy, and environmental sustainability. This review manuscript provides a detailed and critical examination of recent advancements in the synthesis, functionalization, and practical deployment of GY and GDY-based materials. Beginning with an overview of their unique structural and electronic features compared to other carbon materials, the discussion extends to current synthesis strategies, including bottom-up construction and doping methods, supported by computational insights into adsorption and reactivity behavior. Much of the review focuses on theoretical and computational studies, especially those involving coordination or organometallic compound-supported GY systems. The diverse application spectrum of GY materials is thoroughly explored, encompassing energy storage, gas sensing, desalination, ethanol-water separation, drug delivery, hydrogen storage, and electrocatalysis. In addition, the development and functionality of graphyne nanotubes (GYNTs) are deliberated in light of their enhanced properties and probable applications. The synthesis pathways and expanding role of GDY are also detailed, emphasizing energy systems, catalysis, water splitting, and sensing technologies. The inclusion of recent patent literature further illustrates the translational potential of these materials in industrial and commercial applications. Finally, the review addresses current material quality, scalability, and reproducibility limitations, while offering future perspectives for advancing the design and utilization of GY and GDY in real-world applications. This work aims to serve as a foundational resource for researchers exploring the multifaceted roles of 2D nanomaterials in science and technology.