The evolution of propolis research: A bibliometric analysis

Abstract

Introduction

Propolis is garnering increasing scientific and commercial interest due to its potential health benefits. Despite a surge in publications, a comprehensive overview of the propolis research landscape using bibliometric methods has been absent. This study aims to fill this gap by providing the first dedicated bibliometric analysis of global propolis research trends over the past two decades.

Methods

Data on propolis-related publications from 2004 to 2023 were retrieved from the Web of Science database. The R Bibliometrix package was employed to analyze publication trends, citation patterns, leading authors, institutions, countries, keyword co-occurrence, research themes, and collaboration networks.

Results

The analysis confirmed a substantial and consistent growth in propolis research. While publication volume is geographically concentrated (led by Brazil, China, Turkey), citation impact analysis revealed different patterns, with some countries (USA, Japan, Portugal, Bulgaria) demonstrating higher average citations per article, suggesting potential leadership in research quality or visibility. Thematic evolution mapping showed a clear trajectory from foundational studies focused on chemical composition and broad in vitro antioxidant/antimicrobial activity towards more sophisticated investigations into specific mechanisms (apoptosis, oxidative stress pathways), distinct propolis types (Brazilian green, stingless bee), and advanced applications (nanoparticles, nanofibers). Analysis identified central ‘’motor themes’’ (like chemical composition) requiring further development despite high interest, alongside highly developed ‘’niche themes’’ (like oxidative stress). Collaboration networks highlighted strong regional clusters but also opportunities for enhancing global integration, particularly bridging high-volume research hubs with high-impact centers.

Conclusion

This bibliometric analysis reveals propolis research as a dynamic, rapidly maturing, and increasingly interdisciplinary field. The divergence between publication quantity and citation impact, the clear evolution of research themes towards mechanistic depth, and the identification of specific developmental needs within the thematic structure offer critical strategic insights. The findings underscore a significant gap between the extensive preclinical investigation of biological activities of propolis and its translation into validated clinical applications. The findings advocate focused efforts on standardization, targeted international collaborations to leverage complementary strengths, and prioritizing clinical trials to substantiate the therapeutic potential suggested by the vast body of existing literature. This analysis provides an evidence-based roadmap to guide future research investments and collaborations effectively.