From managing risk to reality: A case of maritime safety in Makassar Port, Indonesia using FRAM and AIS data analysis

Abstract

As an archipelagic country, Indonesia's efforts to mitigate disparities between the eastern and western regions hinge significantly on maritime transportation and the development of key infrastructure, with Makassar Port, located in central Indonesia, playing a pivotal role in this agenda. In line with this, the Indonesian Ministry of Transportation has implemented Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) to monitor risks and enhance marine traffic safety. However, existing risk models often overlook sociotechnical variability in daily VTS operations. This study presents a new approach that combines the Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM), Automatic Identification System (AIS) trajectory analysis, and the perception-based PARK model to evaluate and handle marine traffic risk. The novelty lies in quantifying function couplings identified via FRAM using real-world AIS data and visualising high-risk maritime zones. A grounding accident near Samalona Island, predicted as high-risk by the model, demonstrated the method's predictive utility. This study emphasises enhancing the reliability of sociotechnical systems, specifically port safety management. The VTS perspective assessment underscores the enhancement of reliability through proactive safety measures. This approach not only aids in preventing accidents but also fosters a culture of safety. Integrating analytics and monitoring enables stakeholders to make informed decisions and enhance maritime safety.