Resilience analysis of bike–bus–metro multimodal transit network: Case study in Chengdu, China

Abstract

Urban mobility increasingly relies on integrated multimodal public transit systems, yet these networks remain vulnerable to disruptions. This study addresses the underexplored potential of bike-sharing to enhance network resilience by proposing a resilience framework for bike–bus–metro (BBM) transit networks. We comprehensively evaluate BBM multimodal transit network resilience in Chengdu, China by integrating station importance and spatial travel patterns. Our findings reveal that city centers and peak hours represent network weak points, and bike-sharing integration can enhance network resilience by 10–20% compared to bus–metro networks, with station importance emerging as the most critical resilience factor. By systematically examining how bike-sharing improves transit network adaptability, this study provides urban planners and policymakers with strategic insights for optimizing multimodal transit resilience under unexpected disruptions.