A comprehensive review on biofilm-associated infections: Mechanisms, diagnostic challenges, and innovative therapeutic strategies

The Microbe Pub Date : 2025-06-28 DOI:10.1016/j.microb.2025.100436

Oussama Grari , Said Ezrari , Imane El Yandouzi , Elmostapha Benaissa , Yassine Ben Lahlou , Mohammed Lahmer , Abderrazak Saddari , Mostafa Elouennass , Adil Maleb

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Abstract

Biofilms are structured microbial communities that form on biotic or abiotic surfaces. They are encased in a self-produced extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix, which allows them to persist, resist antibiotics, and evade the host immune system. Biofilm development is linked to persistent and recurrent infections, including those related to implanted medical devices, wounds, the urinary tract, the respiratory system, and the gastrointestinal tract. Bacteria within biofilms display unique phenotypes compared to their planktonic forms, including changes in gene expression, growth patterns, and metabolic processes, further complicating treatment. Understanding how biofilms develop and are regulated, along with their impact on antimicrobial resistance, is crucial for developing effective approaches to manage and treat biofilm-associated infections. This review examines the existing knowledge about biofilms in human infections, focusing on their formation, structure, and role in antimicrobial resistance and immune evasion. We analyze diagnostic and treatment challenges, explore recent advances in detection and characterization techniques, and discuss novel therapeutic strategies.

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生物膜相关感染的综合综述：机制、诊断挑战和创新治疗策略

生物膜是在生物或非生物表面形成的结构化微生物群落。它们被包裹在一种自产的细胞外聚合物质（EPS）基质中，这使它们能够持续存在，抵抗抗生素，并逃避宿主免疫系统。生物膜的发育与持续和复发性感染有关，包括与植入医疗器械、伤口、泌尿道、呼吸系统和胃肠道有关的感染。与浮游形式相比，生物膜内的细菌表现出独特的表型，包括基因表达、生长模式和代谢过程的变化，这进一步使治疗复杂化。了解生物膜是如何形成和调控的，以及它们对抗菌素耐药性的影响，对于开发有效的方法来管理和治疗生物膜相关感染至关重要。本文综述了人类感染中生物膜的现有知识，重点介绍了生物膜的形成、结构及其在抗微生物药物耐药性和免疫逃避中的作用。我们分析诊断和治疗的挑战，探索检测和表征技术的最新进展，并讨论新的治疗策略。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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The Microbe

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