The effects of flattening microstructure of disordered hard carbon derived from waste polyethylene terephthalate on ion storage behaviors in sodium-ion batteries

IF 5.9 3区材料科学 Q2 CHEMISTRY, PHYSICAL

FlatChem Pub Date : 2025-07-01 DOI:10.1016/j.flatc.2025.100905

Hyunju Park, JeongA Kim, Jungpil Kim, Daeup Kim, Junghoon Yang

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Abstract

This study investigates the synthesis and electrochemical performance of hard carbon anodes derived from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Given the growing interest in SIBs as cost-effective and sustainable alternatives to lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the development of suitable anode materials is critical. Graphite, the conventional anode in LIBs, exhibits poor sodium ion storage capability due to thermodynamic instability of Na-graphite intercalation compounds (GICs), necessitating alternative carbon anode materials for SIBs. Hard carbon, with its disordered structure, tunable interlayer spacing, offers a promising solution by mixed sodium storage mechanisms—including surface adsorption, intercalation, and pore filling. In this work, waste PET was carbonized at different temperature conditions (1000 °C for p-LHC, 1250 °C for p-MHC, and 1500 °C for p-HHC) under inert atmosphere to produce upcycled hard carbons with varying structural properties. Characterization using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed progressive crystallization and microstructural evolution with increasing temperature. Electrochemical evaluations reveal that the intermediate-temperature carbonized hard carbon achieved the highest reversible capacity of 269.2 mAh g⁻¹ and demonstrated excellent cycling stability by retaining 96 % of its capacity (260 mAh g⁻¹) after 100 cycles. Notably, p-MHC maintained a high capacity of approximately 200 mAh g⁻¹ even at current density of 1000 mA g⁻¹, indicating remarkable rate capability. This enhanced performance can be attributed to its transitional microstructure, which facilitates both sloping-type (surface-driven) and plateau-type (intercalation-driven) sodium storage mechanisms. Our findings highlight the potential of converting waste PET into high-value added hard carbon anodes by regulating its microstructure, offering the dual benefits of addressing environmental issues and advancing sustainable energy storage technologies.

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废聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯中无序硬碳的扁平结构对钠离子电池中离子存储行为的影响

研究了以聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）为原料制备的钠离子电池（sib）用硬碳阳极的合成及其电化学性能。鉴于sib作为锂离子电池（lib）的成本效益和可持续替代品的兴趣日益增长，开发合适的阳极材料至关重要。石墨作为锂离子电池的传统阳极，由于na -石墨插层化合物（gic）的热力学不稳定性，其钠离子存储能力较差，因此需要替代碳作为锂离子电池的阳极材料。硬碳结构无序，层间间距可调，通过表面吸附、插层和孔隙填充等混合钠储存机制，为钠离子提供了一种很有前途的解决方案。在惰性气氛下，在不同温度条件下（p-LHC为1000°C， p-MHC为1250°C， p-HHC为1500°C）对废PET进行碳化，生产出具有不同结构性能的升级再生硬碳。利用x射线衍射（XRD）、拉曼光谱（Raman spectroscopy）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）对其进行了表征，发现随着温度的升高，晶体逐渐结晶，微观结构逐渐演变。电化学评价表明，中温碳化硬质碳的可逆容量达到了最高的269.2 mAh g−1，并且在100次循环后仍能保持96%的容量（260 mAh g−1），表现出优异的循环稳定性。值得注意的是，即使在电流密度为1000 mA g−1的情况下，p-MHC也保持了约200 mAh g−1的高容量，表明了卓越的倍率能力。这种增强的性能可归因于其过渡结构，有利于斜坡型（表面驱动）和平台型（插层驱动）钠储存机制。我们的研究结果强调了通过调节其微观结构将废弃PET转化为高附加值硬碳阳极的潜力，提供了解决环境问题和推进可持续能源存储技术的双重好处。

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来源期刊

FlatChem Multiple-

CiteScore

8.40

自引率

6.50%

发文量

104

审稿时长

26 days

期刊介绍： FlatChem - Chemistry of Flat Materials, a new voice in the community, publishes original and significant, cutting-edge research related to the chemistry of graphene and related 2D & layered materials. The overall aim of the journal is to combine the chemistry and applications of these materials, where the submission of communications, full papers, and concepts should contain chemistry in a materials context, which can be both experimental and/or theoretical. In addition to original research articles, FlatChem also offers reviews, minireviews, highlights and perspectives on the future of this research area with the scientific leaders in fields related to Flat Materials. Topics of interest include, but are not limited to, the following: -Design, synthesis, applications and investigation of graphene, graphene related materials and other 2D & layered materials (for example Silicene, Germanene, Phosphorene, MXenes, Boron nitride, Transition metal dichalcogenides) -Characterization of these materials using all forms of spectroscopy and microscopy techniques -Chemical modification or functionalization and dispersion of these materials, as well as interactions with other materials -Exploring the surface chemistry of these materials for applications in: Sensors or detectors in electrochemical/Lab on a Chip devices, Composite materials, Membranes, Environment technology, Catalysis for energy storage and conversion (for example fuel cells, supercapacitors, batteries, hydrogen storage), Biomedical technology (drug delivery, biosensing, bioimaging)