Presence and accumulation of pharmaceutical compounds in agricultural soils receiving six years of biosolid applications

IF 7.3 2区环境科学与生态学 Q1 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Environmental Pollution Pub Date : 2025-06-30 DOI:10.1016/j.envpol.2025.126736

W. Shu , G.W. Price , K. Khosravi , C.D. Metcalfe

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Abstract

The use of biosolids derived from municipal wastewater treatment sewage solids in agriculture has raised concerns regarding the presence and potential accumulation of contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) in soils. This study investigated the influence of six consecutive years of applications of an alkaline treated biosolid (ATB) in an agricultural field on the concentrations of seven pharmaceutical compounds considered as CECs including, carbamazepine (CBZ), caffeine (CAF), dimethylxanthine (DMX), norfloxacin (NOR), gemfibrozil (GEM), diclofenac (DIC), and warfarin (WAR). Soils from a research site receiving annual ATB application rates (0, 14, and 42 Mg ha⁻¹) over six years (2009–2014) were analyzed for the target pharmaceuticals. Soil samples were analyzed using a combination of accelerated solvent extraction, solid phase extraction (SPE), and liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS). CEC concentrations increased significantly (p < 0.05) with ATB application rate, with CBZ, CAF, and NOR reaching maximum concentrations of 35.2, 41.6, and 47.9 ng g⁻¹, respectively, in the highest application rate plots. Seasonal changes in CEC concentrations were measured, with an increase directly after application of biosolids but significant reductions at post-harvest. Incremental increases in target CEC concentrations were observed in the soils at the post-application and post-harvest sampling periods over the six years. The findings highlight the need for comprehensive management strategies to mitigate potential risks associated with the presence of biosolids derived CECs in agricultural soils.

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生物固体应用六年的农业土壤中药物化合物的存在和积累

从城市污水处理的污水固体中提取的生物固体在农业中的使用引起了人们对土壤中新出现的关注污染物（CEC）的存在和潜在积累的关注。本研究调查了碱处理生物固体（ATB）在农业领域连续6年应用对卡马西平（CBZ）、咖啡因（CAF）、二甲黄嘌呤（DMX）、诺氟沙星（NOR）、吉非齐齐（GEM）、双氯芬酸（DIC）和华法林（WAR）等7种被认为是CECs的药物化合物浓度的影响。在2009-2014年6年间，对一个试验点的土壤进行了ATB年施用量（0、14和42 Mg ha-1）的目标药物分析。土壤样品采用加速溶剂萃取、固相萃取（SPE）和液相色谱-质谱（LC-MS）相结合的方法进行分析。CEC浓度显著升高(p <；在ATB施用量最高的样地，CBZ、CAF和NOR的最大浓度分别为35.2、41.6和47.9 ng g-1。测量了CEC浓度的季节变化，在施用生物固体后直接增加，但在收获后显著减少。在6年的施用后和收获后取样期间，观察到土壤中目标CEC浓度的增量增加。研究结果强调需要采取综合管理策略，以减轻与农业土壤中生物固体来源的CECs存在相关的潜在风险。

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来源期刊

Environmental Pollution 环境科学-环境科学

CiteScore

16.00

自引率

6.70%

发文量

2082

审稿时长

2.9 months

期刊介绍： Environmental Pollution is an international peer-reviewed journal that publishes high-quality research papers and review articles covering all aspects of environmental pollution and its impacts on ecosystems and human health. Subject areas include, but are not limited to: • Sources and occurrences of pollutants that are clearly defined and measured in environmental compartments, food and food-related items, and human bodies; • Interlinks between contaminant exposure and biological, ecological, and human health effects, including those of climate change; • Contaminants of emerging concerns (including but not limited to antibiotic resistant microorganisms or genes, microplastics/nanoplastics, electronic wastes, light, and noise) and/or their biological, ecological, or human health effects; • Laboratory and field studies on the remediation/mitigation of environmental pollution via new techniques and with clear links to biological, ecological, or human health effects; • Modeling of pollution processes, patterns, or trends that is of clear environmental and/or human health interest; • New techniques that measure and examine environmental occurrences, transport, behavior, and effects of pollutants within the environment or the laboratory, provided that they can be clearly used to address problems within regional or global environmental compartments.