Climate commitments and energy transition pledges in Latin America: Where is the region headed?

Abstract

Energy transition has emerged as a central theme in Latin American political and public discourse; however, its meaning remains ambiguous, and is often co-opted by powerful political and economic actors to reinforce existing structures rather than drive transformative change. This study critically examines Latin America's climate commitments and energy transition pledges by exploring three key dimensions: (a) trends in greenhouse gas emissions; (b) evolution of climate-related institutions and policies, and; (c) energy sector commitments and initiatives that drive energy transition. Although Latin America contributed relatively little to global energy-related CO₂ emissions and maintains a predominantly renewable electricity mix, it remains the largest emitter in the world from land use change and forestry sectors. The region's continued dependence on fossil fuels, particularly in high-emission sectors such as transport, as well as, its reliance on oil revenues and extractive industries presents significant structural barriers. Weak, often non-binding, climate governance frameworks further undermine progress. While national commitments increasingly emphasize renewable energy deployment, achieving a meaningful transition requires systemic reforms, stronger institutional enforcement, and improved policy coherence. This transition must integrate social equity, energy poverty, and climate justice—beyond technological solutions—to ensure a just and sustainable energy and climate future for Latin America.