Post-Transcriptional Modifications and Regulation of mRNAs in Human Mitochondria.

Louise Lambert, Amandine Moretton, Géraldine Farge
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Abstract

Mitochondria contain their own circular genome (mtDNA), which encodes essential components of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system. Mitochondrial DNA transcription is a unique and relatively simple process, requiring a specialized transcription machinery that consists of a RNA polymerase (POLRMT), two transcription factors (TFAM and TFB2M), and an elongation factor (TEFM). During transcription, a non-canonical initiating nucleotide (NCIN) can be incorporated as the first nucleotide, serving as a 5' cap. Mitochondrial transcription produces large polycistronic transcripts, which are subsequently processed by ribonucleases to generate individual messenger RNAs (mt-mRNAs), ribosomal RNAs (mt-rRNAs), and transfer RNAs (mt-tRNAs). This review will specifically focus on the maturation and regulation of mt-mRNAs. Following their release from the primary transcript, mt-mRNAs undergo various post-transcriptional modifications, including methylation, pseudouridylation, and polyadenylation. These modifications play a crucial role in determining mt-mRNAs fate by influencing their stability, translation efficiency, and overall mitochondrial function. Additionally, the spatial organization of these processes within mitochondrial RNA granules (MRGs) suggests a compartmentalized system for mitochondrial gene regulation, ensuring precise coordination between transcription, processing, and translation. A deeper understanding of these post-transcriptional modifications provides valuable insights into mitochondrial gene expression and its broader impact on cellular metabolism.

人线粒体mrna转录后修饰和调控
线粒体含有自己的环状基因组(mtDNA),其编码氧化磷酸化(OXPHOS)系统的基本成分。线粒体DNA转录是一个独特且相对简单的过程,需要一个专门的转录机制,包括RNA聚合酶(POLRMT),两个转录因子(TFAM和TFB2M)和一个延伸因子(TEFM)。在转录过程中,非规范起始核苷酸(NCIN)可以作为第一个核苷酸,作为5'帽。线粒体转录产生大的多顺反子转录物,随后由核糖核酸酶加工产生单个信使rna (mt- mrna)、核糖体rna (mt- rrna)和转移rna (mt-tRNAs)。本文将特别关注mt- mrna的成熟和调控。从初级转录物释放后,mt- mrna经历各种转录后修饰,包括甲基化、假尿嘧啶化和聚腺苷化。这些修饰通过影响mt- mrna的稳定性、翻译效率和整体线粒体功能,在决定它们的命运中起着至关重要的作用。此外,这些过程在线粒体RNA颗粒(MRGs)中的空间组织表明,线粒体基因调控存在区隔化系统,确保转录、加工和翻译之间的精确协调。对这些转录后修饰的深入了解为线粒体基因表达及其对细胞代谢的广泛影响提供了有价值的见解。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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