Global Challenges and Advancements in the Management of Pivotal Porcine/Swine Viral Diseases.

Abstract

Porcine/swine viral diseases pose substantial challenges to the global pig industry by affecting animal health and economic stability. This comprehensive review examines four major viral diseases impacting swine populations worldwide: Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), African swine fever (ASF), classical swine fever (CSF), and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). We investigated the etiology, epidemiology, clinical signs, and diagnostic methods for each disease, thereby providing an in-depth understanding of their complexities. Additionally, we assessed their global distribution, transmission dynamics, and the economic repercussions they entail. We also discuss current management and control strategies, including vaccination, biosecurity measures, and regulatory policies. Special attention is given to the evolving nature of these diseases, with a focus on emerging strains, new insights into their pathogenesis, and the latest advancements in vaccine development. This review intends to be a valuable resource for veterinarians, researchers, and policymakers, presenting a thorough and current overview of the challenges and developments in managing these swine viral diseases at the international level.