Synthetic Cannabinoid Withdrawal: A Systematic Review of Case Reports.

IF 2.8 3区医学 Q2 PSYCHIATRY

European Addiction Research Pub Date : 2025-06-26 DOI:10.1159/000546633

Rishi Sharma, Aviv Weinstein

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Introduction: Synthetic cannabinoids are novel psychoactive substances with potential for abuse and severe withdrawal symptoms. Despite widespread use, research on withdrawal is limited. We conducted a systematic review of case reports describing SC withdrawal symptoms.

Methods: Literature searches were conducted across databases, including PubMed/Medline, Scopus, EMBASE, and PsycINFO, to identify case reports from inception to March 2025. Eligible studies involved human cases with confirmed SC use and clearly described withdrawal symptoms. Study quality was assessed using the CARE guidelines checklist.

Results: N = 11 eligible case reports on SC withdrawal identified. The cases involved predominantly male (82%), mean age of 28.08 (SD 7.78). Most frequent withdrawal symptoms: psychosis (n = 9), agitation/irritability (n = 8), nausea/vomiting (n = 6), seizures (n = 5), tachycardia (n = 4), and insomnia (n = 3). Rarer effects like delirium, rhabdomyolysis, and auditory/visual hallucinations were also documented. Symptoms emerged within 24-48 h (62%) and resolved within 1 week. Case report quality was variable, with an average of 8 out of 13 CARE checklist items reported.

Conclusion: SC withdrawal manifests with a broad spectrum of physiological and psychological symptoms that can rapidly escalate and require prompt medical management in certain cases. SC withdrawal symptoms are more severe and unpredictable compared to natural cannabinoids, particularly among daily and frequent users. The findings highlight SC withdrawal as an understudied yet clinically important syndrome, necessitating further research to elucidate neurobiological mechanisms and develop evidence-based treatment protocols.

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合成大麻素戒断：病例报告的系统回顾。

合成大麻素是一种新型精神活性物质，具有滥用和严重戒断症状的可能性。尽管广泛使用，但对戒断的研究是有限的。我们对描述SC戒断症状的病例报告进行了系统回顾。方法：通过PubMed/Medline、Scopus、EMBASE和PsycINFO等数据库进行文献检索，确定从成立到2025年3月的病例报告。符合条件的研究涉及确认使用SC并明确描述戒断症状的人类病例。使用CARE指南检查表评估研究质量。结果：鉴定出11例符合条件的SC退出病例报告。以男性为主（82%），平均年龄28.08岁（SD 7.78）。最常见的戒断症状：精神病（n=9）、躁动/易怒（n=8）、恶心/呕吐（n=6）、癫痫发作（n=5）、心动过速（n=4）和失眠（n=3）。罕见的影响，如谵妄，横纹肌溶解，听觉/视觉幻觉也有记录。症状在24-48小时内出现（62%），并在一周内消退。病例报告的质量是可变的，13个CARE检查表项目中平均有8个报告。结论：SC戒断表现为广泛的生理和心理症状，在某些情况下可能迅速升级，需要及时进行医疗管理。与天然大麻素相比，SC戒断症状更为严重和不可预测，特别是在日常和频繁使用者中。研究结果强调SC戒断是一种未被充分研究但临床上重要的综合征，需要进一步研究以阐明神经生物学机制并制定循证治疗方案。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

European Addiction Research SUBSTANCE ABUSE-PSYCHIATRY

CiteScore

6.80

自引率

5.10%

发文量

审稿时长

>12 weeks

期刊介绍： ''European Addiction Research'' is a unique international scientific journal for the rapid publication of innovative research covering all aspects of addiction and related disorders. Representing an interdisciplinary forum for the exchange of recent data and expert opinion, it reflects the importance of a comprehensive approach to resolve the problems of substance abuse and addiction in Europe. Coverage ranges from clinical and research advances in the fields of psychiatry, biology, pharmacology and epidemiology to social, and legal implications of policy decisions. The goal is to facilitate open discussion among those interested in the scientific and clinical aspects of prevention, diagnosis and therapy as well as dealing with legal issues. An excellent range of original papers makes ‘European Addiction Research’ the forum of choice for all.