How meristems shape plant architecture in cereals

Thomas Dresselhaus, Martina Balboni, Lea Berg, Anika Dolata, Frank Hochholdinger, Yongyu Huang, Guojing Jiang, Maria von Korff, Jia-Chi Ku, Karina van der Linde, Jan Maika, Cecilia Lara Mondragon, Michael Raissig, Arp Schnittger, Thorsten Schnurbusch, Rüdiger Simon, Yvonne Stahl, Marja Timmermans, Venkatasubbu Thirulogachandar, Shuangshuang Zhao, Yaping Zhou
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Abstract

Meristems are major determinants of plant architecture, plant diversification and acclimation to environmental stresses. Moreover, meristems play also a major role during crop domestication and are fundamentally important for the productivity of crop plants as they directly determine biomass and grain yield. While vegetative meristems shape the basic plant body plan and produce all above- and below-ground parts of plants, some vegetative meristems transit to reproductive meristems forming sexual organs and germ cells. Most knowledge about plant meristems was generated using the model Arabidopsis. Compared to Arabidopsis, architecture of grasses or cereals including crops like maize, wheat, barley, rice and sorghum is more complex: cereals produce additional organs like a coleoptile, seminal roots originating from the scutellar nodes in the embryo and shoot-borne crown roots as well as highly complex inflorescence meristems with meristem types absent in eudicots. Moreover, studies in cereals indicated that paradigms based on studies using Arabidopsis are not universally applicable. This review therefore aims to provide a comprehensive overview about the initiation, establishment, maintenance and function of the various cereal meristems and their stem cell niches that shape our most important crop plants. Stem cell-like systems involved in leaf pattering and germline formation are also considered. A focus is also on the significant progress that has been made recently using novel tools to elucidate the gene regulatory networks (GRNs) underlying the development and function of the various cereal meristems.
分生组织如何塑造谷物中的植物结构
分生组织是植物结构、植物多样化和适应环境胁迫的主要决定因素。此外,分生组织在作物驯化过程中也发挥着重要作用,对作物的生产力至关重要,因为它们直接决定了生物量和粮食产量。当营养分生组织形成植物的基本身体计划并产生植物的地上和地下部分时,一些营养分生组织过渡到生殖分生组织,形成性器官和生殖细胞。大多数关于植物分生组织的知识都是利用拟南芥模型产生的。与拟南芥相比,包括玉米、小麦、大麦、水稻和高粱等作物在内的禾本科或谷类植物的结构更为复杂:谷类植物产生额外的器官,如胚芽鞘、起源于胚胎中盾节的种子根和芽生冠根,以及高度复杂的花序分生组织,而分生组织类型在异穗状花序中是没有的。此外,对谷类作物的研究表明,基于拟南芥研究的模式并不普遍适用。因此,本文旨在对谷类植物中各种分生组织及其干细胞生态位的形成、建立、维持和功能进行综述。干细胞样系统参与叶片图案和种系形成也被考虑。人们还关注最近利用新工具阐明各种谷物分生组织的发育和功能背后的基因调控网络(grn)所取得的重大进展。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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