Regulation of the immunity-related VIK-APK-EDS1 pathway in Medicago for resistance to Phytophthora

Li Liu, Xiangzhao Meng, Qinyi Ye, Da Guo, Yafei Zhao, Na Cao, Lihua Zheng, Fei Guo, Jiangqi Wen, Yiding Niu, Tao Wang, Jiangli Dong
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Abstract

Root rot, induced by Phytophthora medicaginis, causes devastating damage to perennial alfalfa (Medicago sativa). However, the mechanism by which P. medicaginis infects Medicago remains elusive. Here, we identified the VASCULAR HIGHWAY 1-INTERACTING KINASE (VIK)-ANKYRIN PROTEIN KINASE (APK)-ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (EDS1) pathway during P. medicaginis infection in Medicago truncatula. MtAPK is an autoimmune gene, and Mtapk-mediated autoimmunity depends on MtEDS1. P. medicaginis infection triggers MtVIK to phosphorylate Ser20 of MtAPK, enhancing the interaction between MtAPK and MtEDS1 in the cytoplasm and constraining the nuclear resistance of MtEDS1. Disease resistance could be enhanced not only by knocking out MtVIK but also by the Ser20Ala site mutation of MtAPK. Interestingly, we found that alfalfa germplasms with lower MsVIK expression after inoculation with P. medicaginis exhibited greater disease resistance. Furthermore, CRISPR/Cas9 editing of MsVIK mutants in alfalfa resulted in stronger disease resistance without growth or yield penalties. Taken together, VIK is a negative regulator of Medicago immunity and has significant potential for cultivating durable resistance in crops through genetic modification.
紫花苜蓿抗疫霉免疫相关VIK-APK-EDS1通路的调控
由疫霉(Phytophthora medicaginis)引起的根腐病对多年生紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)造成了毁灭性的危害。然而,P. medicaginis感染Medicago的机制仍然是难以捉摸的。本研究中,我们发现了在紫花苜蓿(medicaginis)感染过程中,VASCULAR HIGHWAY 1- interacting KINASE (VIK)-ANKYRIN PROTEIN KINASE (APK)-ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY 1 (EDS1)通路。MtAPK是一种自身免疫基因,MtAPK介导的自身免疫依赖于MtEDS1。P. medicaginis感染触发MtVIK磷酸化MtAPK的Ser20,增强MtAPK与细胞质中MtEDS1的相互作用,抑制MtEDS1的核抗性。不仅可以通过敲除MtVIK,还可以通过MtAPK的Ser20Ala位点突变来增强抗病性。有趣的是,我们发现接种P. medicaginis后MsVIK表达较低的苜蓿种质具有更强的抗病能力。此外,CRISPR/Cas9编辑苜蓿中的MsVIK突变体导致更强的抗病性,而没有生长或产量损失。综上所述,VIK是紫花苜蓿免疫的负调节因子,具有通过基因改造培育持久抗性作物的巨大潜力。
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