REM transcription factors and GDE1 shape the DNA methylation landscape through the recruitment of RNA polymerase IV transcription complexes

Abstract

In plants, the maintenance of DNA methylation is controlled by several self-reinforcing loops involving histone methylation and non-coding RNAs. However, how methylation is initially patterned at specific genomic loci is largely unknown. Here we describe four Arabidopsis REM transcription factors, VDD, VAL, REM12 and REM13, that recognize specific sequence regions and, together with the protein GENETICS DETERMINES EPIGENETICS1 (GDE1), recruit RNA polymerase IV transcription complexes. This targeted recruitment leads to the production of 24-nucleotide small interfering RNAs that guide DNA methylation to specific genomic sites in plant female reproductive tissues. In the absence of GDE1, polymerase IV transcription complexes are directed to loci bound by an alternative transcription factor, REM8, highlighting the role of REM transcription factors and GDE1 proteins as positional cues for epigenetic modulation. These findings establish a direct connection between sequence-specific transcription factors and the spatial regulation of siRNA production and DNA methylation, offering new insights into the genetic control of epigenetic patterning.