María J Gunnarsdóttir, Hrund Ó Andradóttir, Kristín Ólafsdóttir, Ásta Ósk Hlödversdóttir, Roland Kallenborn, Erik Magnus Ræder, Jan Ludvig Lyche, Jitka Becanova, Rainer Lohmann
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引用次数: 0
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent contaminants with global environmental and health implications. This study evaluated PFAS concentrations in drinking water, wastewater, and surface water in Reykjavik, Iceland, focusing on seasonal variability and potential pollution sources. Thirty-three samples from groundwater, wastewater, and surface water were analysed for up to 54 PFAS. Results reveal that PFAS concentrations in Reykjavik's drinking water were minimal, which most compounds below detection limits, and the sum of 18 PFAS below 0.5 ng L-1. These levels were significantly below EU Drinking Water Directive and European Food Safety Authority health limits, indicating effective source water protection. In contrast, elevated PFAS levels were detected in wastewater and surface water, with concentrations reaching 14 ng L-1 for sum 18 PFAS. The most prevalent compound was perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA). The highest contamination occurred at firefighting training sites, particularly at Reykjavik Airport, where PFAS concentrations exceeded 2000 ng L-1, dominated by PFOS. A comparison to prior results implied an about 10-fold decrease of PFOS in Reykjavik's wastewater treatment plant since 2017. These findings emphasize the need for continued monitoring, and further investigation into historical and active contamination sources to safeguard environmental and public health in Iceland. Given the presence of PFAS-contaminated sites in Iceland, targeted PFAS management strategies are needed to prevent contamination of drinking water resources.
全氟和多氟烷基物质(PFAS)是具有全球环境和健康影响的持久性污染物。本研究评估了冰岛雷克雅未克饮用水、废水和地表水中的PFAS浓度,重点关注季节变化和潜在污染源。对来自地下水、废水和地表水的33个样本进行了多达54个PFAS的分析。结果表明,雷克雅未克市饮用水中PFAS浓度最低,大部分化合物低于检测限,18种PFAS的总和低于0.5 ng L-1。这些水平明显低于欧盟饮用水指令和欧洲食品安全局的健康限制,表明水源得到了有效保护。相反,在废水和地表水中检测到PFAS水平升高,其中18个PFAS浓度达到14 ng L-1。最普遍的化合物是全氟丁酸(PFBA)。最严重的污染发生在消防训练地点,特别是在雷克雅未克机场,全氟辛烷磺酸浓度超过2000纳克·L-1,主要是全氟辛烷磺酸。与之前的结果进行比较表明,自2017年以来,雷克雅未克废水处理厂的全氟辛烷磺酸减少了约10倍。这些发现强调有必要继续监测和进一步调查历史上和目前的污染源,以保障冰岛的环境和公众健康。鉴于冰岛存在PFAS污染场地,需要有针对性的PFAS管理战略来防止饮用水资源受到污染。