Perennial Grass-Legume Integration: A Sustainable Approach to Fodder Production

Abstract

This review paper provides an in-depth analysis of the challenges, opportunities, and current status of fodder production in India. A comprehensive review of literature and reports from government and non-government organisations has been conducted to assess fodder availability and sustainability strategies. Livestock farming is a critical component of India's rural economy, contributing 6% to GDP and 25% to agricultural GDP. However, a severe shortage of quality fodder, particularly during lean periods typically the summer (April–June) and late winter (December–January) months when forage growth is minimal due to low rainfall and harsh climatic conditions, persists due to a 63.5% green fodder deficit and declining pasturelands. Perennial forage grasses such as Pennisetum glaucum × Pennisetum purpureum (Napier Bajra Hybrid), Panicum maximum (Guinea Grass), Brachiaria mutica (Para Grass), and Cenchrus ciliaris (Buffel Grass) offer a viable solution by providing high biomass yield, superior nutritional value, and adaptability across diverse agro-climatic zones. Their deep-rooted systems enhance soil health, prevent erosion, and improve water retention, contributing to long-term agricultural sustainability. Integrating legumes like Desmanthus virgatus (Stylo), Leucaena leucocephala (Subabul), Trifolium alexandrinum (Berseem), Medicago sativa (Lucerne), and Sesbania spp. (Sesbania) with perennial grasses further boosts forage yield, crude protein content, and digestibility whilst maintaining soil fertility. Silvo-pastoral systems enhance forage availability by improving soil moisture and organic carbon levels. Despite these advantages, adoption remains constrained by owing to limited awareness, inadequate seed availability, and suboptimal agronomic practises. Strengthening research, extension services and financial incentives is essential for integrating perennial fodder systems in livestock farming. A strategic approach focused on perennial grass-legume combinations can ensure year-round fodder availability, reduce dependency on costly concentrates, and enhance livestock productivity. Sustainable fodder production will not only improve farmers economic returns but also strengthen India's dairy and meat sectors, ensuring greater resilience in livestock farming.