Proton co-intercalation enabled high-performance aqueous multivalent metal-ion batteries

Abstract

Aqueous rechargeable batteries have emerged as promising candidates for large-scale energy storage due to their inherent safety, low cost, and environmental friendliness. Recently, among the various charge storage mechanisms, the co-intercalation strategy of protons (H⁺) and multivalent metal ions (M^x+) (such as Zn²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Al³⁺) has attracted extensive attention for its synergistic enhancement of electrochemical performance. This article systematically summarizes the latest progress in the co-intercalation mechanism, focusing on the structural design of electrode materials, optimization strategies for ion transport kinetics, and characterization methods for proton tracking. Critical challenges such as ion competition, structural instability, and interfacial side reactions are critically discussed. Additionally, forward-looking perspectives on future rational electrode material design and advanced electrolyte engineering are proposed to guide the development of high-performance AMIBs.