A fast X-ray transient from a weak relativistic jet associated with a type Ic-BL supernova

IF 12.9 1区物理与天体物理 Q1 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS

Nature Astronomy Pub Date : 2025-06-26 DOI:10.1038/s41550-025-02571-1

H. Sun, W.-X. Li, L.-D. Liu, H. Gao, X.-F. Wang, W. Yuan, B. Zhang, A. V. Filippenko, D. Xu, T. An, S. Ai, T. G. Brink, Y. Liu, Y.-Q. Liu, C.-Y. Wang, Q.-Y. Wu, X.-F. Wu, Y. Yang, B.-B. Zhang, W.-K. Zheng, T. Ahumada, Z.-G. Dai, J. Delaunay, N. Elias-Rosa, S. Benetti, S.-Y. Fu, D. A. Howell, Y.-F. Huang, M. M. Kasliwal, V. Karambelkar, R. Stein, W.-H. Lei, T.-Y. Lian, Z.-K. Peng, D. D. Frederiks, A. V. Ridnaia, D. S. Svinkin, X.-Y. Wang, A.-L. Wang, D.-M. Wei, J. An, M. Andrews, J.-M Bai, C.-Y. Dai, S. A. Ehgamberdiev, Z. Fan, J. Farah, H.-C. Feng, J. P. U. Fynbo, W.-J. Guo, Z. Guo, M.-K. Hu, J.-W. Hu, S.-Q. Jiang, J.-J. Jin, A. Li, J.-D. Li, R.-Z. Li, Y.-F. Liang, Z.-X. Ling, X. Liu, J.-R. Mao, C. McCully, D. Mirzaqulov, M. Newsome, E. Padilla Gonzalez, X. Pan, G. Terreran, S. Tinyanont, B.-T. Wang, L.-Z. Wang, X.-D. Wen, D.-F. Xiang, S.-J. Xue, J. Yang, Z.-P. Zhu, Z.-M. Cai, A. J. Castro-Tirado, F.-S. Chen, H.-L. Chen, T.-X. Chen, W. Chen, Y.-H. Chen, Y.-F. Chen, Y. Chen, H.-Q. Cheng, B. Cordier, C.-Z. Cui, W.-W. Cui, Y.-F. Dai, D.-W. Fan, H. Feng, J. Guan, D.-W. Han, D.-J. Hou, H.-B. Hu, M.-H. Huang, J. Huo, S.-M. Jia, Z.-Q. Jia, B.-W. Jiang, C.-C. Jin, G. Jin, E. Kuulkers, C.-K. Li, D.-Y. Li, J.-F. Li, L.-H. Li, M.-S. Li, W. Li, Z.-D. Li, C.-Z. Liu, H.-Y. Liu, H.-Q. Liu, M.-J. Liu, F.-J. Lu, L.-D. Luo, J. Ma, X. Mao, K. Nandra, P. O’Brien, H.-W. Pan, A. Rau, N. Rea, J. Sanders, L.-M. Song, S.-L. Sun, X.-J. Sun, Y. -Y. Tan, Q.-J. Tang, Y.-H. Tao, H. Wang, J. Wang, L. Wang, W.-X. Wang, Y.-L. Wang, Y.-S. Wang, D.-R. Xiong, H.-T. Xu, J.-J. Xu, X.-P. Xu, Y.-F. Xu, Z. Xu, C.-B. Xue, Y.-L. Xue, A.-L. Yan, H.-N. Yang, X.-T. Yang, Y.-J. Yang, C. Zhang, J. Zhang, M. Zhang, S.-N. Zhang, W.-D. Zhang, W.-J. Zhang, Y.-H. Zhang, Z. Zhang, Z. Zhang, Z.-L. Zhang, D.-H. Zhao, H.-S. Zhao, X.-F. Zhao, Z.-J. Zhao, Y.-L. Zhou, Y.-X. Zhu, Z.-C. Zhu, H. Zou

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Abstract

Massive stars end their lives as core-collapse supernovae, among which some extremes are broad-lined type Ic supernovae from Wolf–Rayet stars associated with long-duration gamma-ray bursts (LGRBs) with powerful relativistic jets. Their less-extreme brethren make unsuccessful jets that are choked inside the stars, appearing as X-ray flashes or low-luminosity GRBs. However, there exists a population of extragalactic fast X-ray transients with timescales ranging from seconds to thousands of seconds, whose origins remain obscure. Here we report the discovery of the bright X-ray transient EP240414a detected by the Einstein Probe, which is associated with the type Ic supernova SN 2024gsa at a redshift of 0.401. The X-ray emission evolution is characterized by a very soft energy spectrum peaking at <1.3 keV, which makes it different from known LGRBs, X-ray flashes or low-luminosity GRBs. Follow-up observations at optical and radio bands revealed the existence of a weak relativistic jet that interacts with an extended shell surrounding the progenitor star. Located on the outskirts of a massive galaxy, this event reveals a population of explosions of Wolf–Rayet stars characterized by a less powerful engine that drives a successful but weak jet, possibly owing to a progenitor star with a smaller core angular momentum than in traditional LGRB progenitors.

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与Ic-BL型超新星有关的弱相对论性喷流的快速x射线瞬变

大质量恒星以核心坍缩超新星的形式结束它们的生命，其中一些极端的情况是来自Wolf-Rayet恒星的宽线型Ic超新星，与长时间伽马射线爆发（LGRBs）和强大的相对论射流有关。它们不那么极端的兄弟会产生不成功的喷流，这些喷流被困在恒星内部，以x射线闪光或低光度伽马射线暴的形式出现。然而，银河系外存在大量的快速x射线瞬变，其时间尺度从几秒到数千秒不等，其起源仍然不清楚。在这里，我们报告了爱因斯坦探测器探测到的明亮x射线瞬变EP240414a，它与Ic型超新星SN 2024gsa有关，红移为0.401。x射线发射演化的特征是非常软的能谱峰在1.3 keV，这使得它不同于已知的lgrb、x射线闪光或低光度grb。在光学和无线电波段的后续观测显示，存在一种弱相对论性喷流，它与围绕着原恒星的扩展壳相互作用。这一事件位于一个大质量星系的外围，揭示了沃尔夫-拉叶星的大量爆炸，其特征是发动机功率较低，驱动成功但较弱的喷流，可能是由于一颗祖星的核心角动量比传统的LGRB祖星小。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Nature Astronomy Physics and Astronomy-Astronomy and Astrophysics

CiteScore

19.50

自引率

2.80%

发文量

252

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