Advancing Neurosurgical Oncology and AI Innovations in Latin American Brain Cancer Care: Insights from a Center of Excellence.

Abstract

Background: Disparities in neuro-oncological care between high-income and low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are well documented, yet region-specific data from Latin America remain limited. This review evaluates epidemiologic trends, access to care, and systemic challenges in brain tumor management across Latin American LMICs, using Argentina as a case study. Methods: A systematic review of peer-reviewed literature was conducted focusing on brain tumor incidence, mortality, risk factors, and availability of diagnostics and treatments in Latin America. Socioeconomic, cultural, and systemic barriers were also analyzed. Results: Latin America exhibits some of the highest global brain tumor mortality rates, with Brazil reporting age-standardized rates exceeding 4.5 per 100,000. Glioblastomas are frequently diagnosed at younger ages, often in the fifth decade of life, compared to the global average. Meningioma incidence has increased by 15-20% over the last decade, yet region-wide data remain fragmented. Access to neuroimaging, neurosurgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy is limited, with up to 60% of patients relying solely on under-resourced public health systems. Less than 30% of hospitals in rural areas have MRI availability, and continuous professional training is infrequent. Innovative adaptations, such as awake craniotomy, are used in some LMIC centers in response to equipment scarcity. Conclusions: Brain tumor care in Latin America is hindered by limited epidemiological data, restricted access to diagnostics and treatment, and insufficient workforce training. Targeted investments in healthcare infrastructure, international educational collaborations, and policy-level reforms are critical to reducing disparities and improving outcomes in neuro-oncology across the region.