Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Heavy Metals in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Grown in Soils Irrigated with Paper Mill Effluent.

IF 4.1 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
Toxics Pub Date : 2025-06-13 DOI:10.3390/toxics13060497
Mohssen Elbagory, Amal Zayed, Nagwa El-Khateeb, Sahar El-Nahrawy, Alaa El-Dein Omara, Ibrahim Mohamed, Marwa Yasien Helmy Elbyaly, Mahmoud El-Sharkawy, Jogendra Singh, Ana Dzaja, Boro Mioč, Ivan Širić
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Unregulated irrigation with partially industrial effluents may lead to heavy metal contamination in crops and pose significant human health risks, especially in developing countries like India. Therefore, the present study aimed to quantify six heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn) in soil and wheat irrigated with paper mill effluent, assess plant responses, and evaluate associated health risks for consumers. For this, a field study was conducted across ten sites (five effluent-irrigated, five borewell-irrigated as control), analyzing soil and wheat tissues for metal concentrations and calculating risk indices including bioaccumulation factor (Bf), translocation factor (Tf), Dietary Intake of Metals (DIM < 1), Health Risk Index (HRI < 1), and Target Hazard Quotient (THQ < 1). Results indicated high concentrations of Cd and Cr in effluent-irrigated soils and wheat tissues (root > stem > leaves > grains) compared to control sites, with some values exceeding permissible limits. Although the THQ values for heavy metals were below 1, indicating a low immediate health risk, concentrations of Cd and Cr in both soil and crop tissues exceeded acceptable safety standards. This study provides empirical evidence supporting the need for effluent treatment and policy interventions to mitigate agricultural contamination from the use of industrial effluents and protect public health.

小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)中潜在有毒重金属风险评估生长在用造纸厂废水灌溉的土壤中。
用部分工业废水进行不受管制的灌溉,可能导致作物受到重金属污染,对人类健康构成重大威胁,特别是在印度等发展中国家。因此,本研究旨在量化造纸厂废水灌溉的土壤和小麦中的六种重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Fe、Mn和Zn),评估植物的反应,并评估消费者的相关健康风险。为此,在10个试验点(5个排水灌溉试验点和5个井灌试验点作为对照)进行了实地研究,分析了土壤和小麦组织的金属浓度,并计算了包括生物积累因子(Bf)、转运因子(Tf)、膳食金属摄入量(DIM < 1)、健康风险指数(HRI < 1)和目标危害商(THQ < 1)在内的风险指数。结果表明,与对照区相比,外灌土壤和小麦组织(根、茎、叶、粒)中Cd和Cr的浓度较高,有的甚至超过了允许值。虽然重金属的THQ值低于1,表明对健康的直接风险较低,但土壤和作物组织中Cd和Cr的浓度都超过了可接受的安全标准。本研究提供了经验证据,支持需要进行废水处理和政策干预,以减轻工业废水使用对农业的污染,保护公众健康。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
Toxics
Toxics Chemical Engineering-Chemical Health and Safety
CiteScore
4.50
自引率
10.90%
发文量
681
审稿时长
6 weeks
期刊介绍: Toxics (ISSN 2305-6304) is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal which provides an advanced forum for studies related to all aspects of toxic chemicals and materials. It publishes reviews, regular research papers, and short communications. Our aim is to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical results in detail. There is, therefore, no restriction on the maximum length of the papers, although authors should write their papers in a clear and concise way. The full experimental details must be provided so that the results can be reproduced. Electronic files or software regarding the full details of calculations and experimental procedure can be deposited as supplementary material, if it is not possible to publish them along with the text.
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