Stepping out of the dark: How metabolomics shed light on fungal biology.

Abstract

Metabolomics, a critical tool for analyzing small-molecule metabolites, integrates with genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics to provide a systems-level understanding of fungal biology. By mapping metabolic networks, it elucidates regulatory mechanisms driving physiological and ecological adaptations. In fungal pathogenesis, metabolomics reveals host-pathogen dynamics, identifying virulence factors like gliotoxin in Aspergillus fumigatus and metabolic shifts, such as glyoxylate cycle upregulation in Candida albicans. Ecologically, it highlights fungal responses to abiotic stressors, including osmolyte production like trehalose, enhancing survival in extreme environments. These insights highlight metabolomics' role in decoding fungal persistence and niche colonization. In drug discovery, it aids target identification by profiling biosynthetic pathways, supporting novel antifungal and nanostructured therapy development. Combined with multi-omics, metabolomics advances insights into fungal pathogenesis, ecological interactions, and therapeutic innovation, offering translational potential for addressing antifungal resistance and improving treatment outcomes for fungal infections. Its progress shed light on complex fungal molecular profiles, advancing discovery and innovation in fungal biology.