Retirement, reemployment, and bio-psycho-social health among older adults in Taiwan

IF 3.6 2区医学 Q2 GERIATRICS & GERONTOLOGY

Maturitas Pub Date : 2025-06-26 DOI:10.1016/j.maturitas.2025.108649

Wei-Hsuan Yen , Wan-Ju Cheng , Shu-Chun Chuang , I-Chien Wu , Hsing-Yi Chang , Chiu-Wen Cheng , Wei-Ting Tseng , Chih-Cheng Hsu , Chao Agnes Hsiung , Chi-Shin Wu

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Objectives

This study examined the associations between retirement, reemployment, and health outcomes—covering physical, mental, and social domains—among middle-aged and older adults in Taiwan.

Study design

Data were drawn from the Healthy Aging Longitudinal Study in Taiwan (HALST), with 4015 participants (mean age 68.2 ± 7.7) and two waves of follow-up. We applied difference-in-differences analyses to evaluate the effects of retirement and reemployment on health outcomes.

Main outcome measures

Quality of life was assessed using the 12-item Short Form (SF-12) survey. Physical health was assessed using the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) and Fried's frailty criteria. Mental health was measured via the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), CES-D scale, and self-reported insomnia. Social networks were also evaluated.

Results

Newly retired individuals, especially men and those under 65, experienced declines in physical health, including lower SF-12 physical scores (−1.62), poorer SPPB performance (−0.52), and greater risk of frailty (1.66). In contrast, reemployment, particularly full-time, was linked to better physical health (SF-12 1.78; SPPB 0.39), with stronger effects among women and older adults. Part-time reemployment was associated with enhanced social networks, though physical gains were limited. No consistent mental health effects were observed, except for higher depressive symptoms in those retiring for non-voluntary reasons.

Conclusions

Retirement was linked to physical health decline, while reemployment, especially full-time, offered protective effects. Policies should be tailored to the diverse needs of retirees, accounting for age, gender, and reasons for retirement, to support healthier aging across populations.

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台湾老年人退休、再就业与生理心理社会健康

目的探讨台湾中老年人退休、再就业与身体、心理和社会健康状况之间的关系。研究数据来自台湾健康老龄化纵向研究（HALST），共纳入4015名参与者（平均年龄68.2±7.7岁），两波随访。我们采用差异中差异分析来评估退休和再就业对健康结果的影响。主要结果测量：生活质量采用12项简短表格（SF-12）调查进行评估。身体健康评估使用短物理性能电池（SPPB）和弗里德的虚弱标准。通过简易精神状态检查（MMSE）、CES-D量表和自我报告的失眠症来测量心理健康状况。社会网络也被评估。结果新退休人群，尤其是男性和65岁以下的人，身体健康状况下降，包括SF-12身体得分较低（- 1.62），SPPB表现较差（- 0.52），虚弱风险较高（1.66）。相比之下，再就业，特别是全职就业，与更好的身体健康有关(SF-12 1.78；SPPB 0.39)，对女性和老年人的影响更大。兼职再就业与增强的社交网络有关，尽管身体上的收获有限。没有观察到一致的心理健康影响，除了那些因非自愿原因退休的人有更高的抑郁症状。退休与身体健康下降有关，而再就业，特别是全职就业，提供了保护作用。政策应根据退休人员的不同需求量身定制，考虑到年龄、性别和退休原因，以支持整个人口更健康地老龄化。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Maturitas 医学-妇产科学

CiteScore

9.10

自引率

2.00%

发文量

142

审稿时长

40 days

期刊介绍： Maturitas is an international multidisciplinary peer reviewed scientific journal of midlife health and beyond publishing original research, reviews, consensus statements and guidelines, and mini-reviews. The journal provides a forum for all aspects of postreproductive health in both genders ranging from basic science to health and social care. Topic areas include:• Aging• Alternative and Complementary medicines• Arthritis and Bone Health• Cancer• Cardiovascular Health• Cognitive and Physical Functioning• Epidemiology, health and social care• Gynecology/ Reproductive Endocrinology• Nutrition/ Obesity Diabetes/ Metabolic Syndrome• Menopause, Ovarian Aging• Mental Health• Pharmacology• Sexuality• Quality of Life