Modern endoscopist's toolbox: Innovations in foreign body removal.

Abstract

Foreign body ingestion is a common gastrointestinal emergency, particularly in children, who account for 80% of cases. While most ingested objects pass spontaneously, around 20% require medical intervention. In adults, incidents often occur accidentally during meals, leading to impactions, especially in individuals with underlying esophageal conditions. Endoscopy remains the gold standard for foreign body retrieval, with a success rate exceeding 95%. The type, shape, and location of the foreign body determine the clinical presentation and management approach. Sharp objects, batteries, and large items pose the highest risk of complications, including perforation, obstruction, and chemical injury. Prompt endoscopic removal is guided by established protocols, with emergent intervention required for complete esophageal obstruction and high-risk objects. Various retrieval devices, including forceps, snares, baskets, and overtubes, are used based on the nature of the foreign body. Technological advancements, such as artificial intelligence-assisted imaging and endoscopic ultrasound, are improving diagnostic precision and procedural outcomes. Despite these advances, foreign body ingestion can still lead to severe complications if not managed in a timely manner. Public awareness, preventive measures, and rapid medical response are essential in reducing morbidity and mortality associated with foreign body ingestion.