Anti-hypertensive effect of enriched white melon seed protein concentrate biscuit on sodium fluoride exposed rats.

Abstract

Background: Sodium fluoride (NaF) is a daily necessity consumed as the major ingredient of fluorinated drinking water, milk, salts, mouthwashes, toothpaste, and dentistry medications. However, the use of NaF products has also been associated with increased fluoride anion distribution in the body, leading to hypertension.

Aim: This study evaluated the antihypertensive effect of sweet orange peels-enriched white melon seed protein concentrate (WSP) biscuit meal in eight-week-old albino rats exposed to NaF for 14 days.

Methods: Forty-two (42) male Wistar albino rats were assigned at random into 7 groups of 6 rats per group (control group and six experimental groups). The experimental groups received various treatments that lasted for two weeks. Twenty-four hours after the last administration, hemodynamic parameters were evaluated, rats were sacrificed, blood samples were collected, and the heart was harvested. Blood serum was assessed for cardiac troponin I (cTnI), creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). At the same time, the heart homogenate was assayed for angiotensin-1 converting enzyme (ACE) activity, proinflammatory cytokines, nitric oxide concentrations, and antioxidant status. Cardiac tissues were stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin, Masson's Trichrome, and cTnI. Also, the safety of the WSP biscuit diet was evaluated.

Results: Results obtained showed that NaF administration elevated the collagen content of cardiac tissues, activities of ACE, and concentrations of cTnI, CK-MB, LDH, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin 1 beta, while there was a reduction in the concentration of nitric oxide and antioxidants; however, their alterations were significantly prevented in WSP-biscuit-fed rats. The WSP biscuit meal is safe for consumption and possesses dose-dependent antihypertensive ability at 10% and 20% inclusion.

Conclusion: The WSP biscuit diet may be recommended in diet formulation for the management of individuals or communities that are predisposed to NaF contaminations.