Sulfur-Doped IrO2 Enable Pathway Switch to Lattice Oxygen Mechanism with Enhanced Stability for Low Iridium PEM Water Electrolysis.

Abstract

Achieving high activity and stability while minimizing Ir usage poses a significant challenge in the industrialization of proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE). Herein we report a sulfur-doping strategy that enables the OER pathway on IrO₂ nanoparticles (IrO₂/S) to switch from conventional adsorption evolution mechanism (AEM) to lattice oxygen mechanism (LOM) while maintaining Ir─O bond stability, thus achieving a significant enhancement in both intrinsic activity and durability. Advanced spectroscopies and theoretical calculations reveal that the Ir─S coordination motif within the lattice increases the electron density of the Ir center and enhances Ir─O covalency, thus triggering the LOM pathway. Importantly, the lattice distortion and unsaturated Ir─O coordination within the IrO₂/S generate the oxygen nonbonding state that acts as an electron sacrificial agent to preserve Ir─O bonds upon the LOM-dominated OER process. As a result, PEMWE integrated with such IrO₂/S electrocatalyst delivers a low cell voltage (1.769 V at 2.0 A cm^-2) and long-term stability (16.6 µV h⁻¹ over 1000 h@1.0 A cm⁻²) while dramatically reducing Ir usage from 1.0 to 0.3 mg cm^-2. This work establishes S doping as a viable strategy to trigger LOM and stabilize lattice oxygen redox in Ir-based catalysts, opening a new avenue for low-Ir PEMWEs.