Beyond predator and prey: First evidence of an association between ocelot and opossum individuals

Abstract

Interspecific associations can provide various benefits, including reducing predation risk, sharing information, or acquiring food. Studying these associations is key to understanding the drivers and mechanisms underlying non-kin cooperation. Here, we present the first evidence of single individuals of ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) and common opossum (Didelphis marsupialis) associating and moving together in the rainforest. This association, unknown until now, was captured in four independent events, through camera-trap videos and photographs taken across different times and locations, suggesting a consistent pattern among different individuals. Additionally, we experimentally show that opossums are significantly more attracted to ocelot scent cues, on which they often rub their bodies, compared to control and puma scents. Both the ocelot and the common opossum are nocturnal, solitary species that share territories and can overlap diets; yet, ocelots can also prey on opossums. This puzzling association might emerge because both species could benefit from each other's presence, potentially improving foraging efficiency or safety. Such a newly discovered association offers insight into the complex dynamics of interspecific associations in tropical ecosystems. Future research investigating its prevalence and benefits will deepen our understanding of the ecological and evolutionary conditions driving this behaviour.