Multi-Mode Hybrid Generator Utilizing Gravitational, Magnetic, and Inertial Forces Synergistically

Abstract

The summary has been shortened to the following: The integration of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) and electromagnetic generators (EMGs) is an effective strategy for constructing high-performance blue energy harvesters. However, in conventional hybrid nanogenerators, TENGs and EMGs function independently, lacking a cooperative effect. This, combined with suboptimal spatial efficiency, restricts their overall output performance. In this study, a compact, multi-mode hybrid generator (MMHG) is proposed composed of free standing TENGs, contact-separation TENGs, and EMGs. These generators leverage the synergistic interaction between gravitational, magnetic, and inertial forces. On a six-degree-of-freedom platform, the free-standing TENG and the contact-separation TENG achieve the maximum transferred charges of 83 and 187 nC respectively, while the EMG reachs peak open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current of 4.59 V and 1.94 mA, achieving a peak power density of 125.41 W m⁻³. Triggered by water waves in lab, 5-integrated MMHGs charge a 10 mF capacitor to 3.59 V within 158 s. In the real ocean, the free-standing TENG and the contact-separation TENG achieve maximum transferred charges of 81.17 and 184.7 nC respectively, with the EMG reaching maximum open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current of 2.87 V and 1.42 mA. The MMHG efficiently harvests ocean wave energy, serving as a good reference for the development of self-powered marine devices.