Exploring the association between beta-blockers use and sleep complaints in U.S. Adults: An analysis of NHANES data (2011–2018)

Abstract

Purpose

The primary objective of this investigation was to examine the potential association between the use of beta-blockers among the adult population in the United States from 2011 to 2018 and the occurrence of sleep complaints in adults.

Methods

This study utilized a nationally representative sample from the 2011–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Using weighted multivariable logistic regression adjusted for demographics, comorbidities (hypertension, diabetes), and lifestyle factors (smoking, exercise), we assessed associations while controlling for confounders through propensity score matching. Formal interaction tests evaluated effect modification by age, race, diabetes status, and physical activity levels. NHANES sampling weights ensured nationally representative estimates.

Results

This study of NHANES 2011–2018 data (n = 17,391) revealed significantly higher prevalence of sleep disturbances among beta-blocker users versus non-users (46 % vs 29 %, P < 0.001), an association that remained significant after adjustment (43 % vs 37 %, P < 0.01). Notably, while users demonstrated longer median sleep duration (8 h vs 7 h) and higher proportion of ≥9 h sleepers (19.7 % vs 14.5 %), their sleep quality was significantly impaired, presenting a characteristic “sleep duration-quality paradox”. Subgroup analyses further identified particularly elevated risk among adults <40 years (OR = 3.61, 95 %CI:2.05–6.34), physically active individuals, and non-diabetic patients.

Conclusions

This study establishes beta-blockers as an independent risk factor for sleep disturbances (29 % increased risk) while paradoxically prolonging sleep duration at the expense of sleep quality. The high-risk triad (adults <40 years, physically active individuals, and non-diabetic patients) warrants prioritized sleep monitoring in clinical practice.