Differences in autoimmune thyroid diseases between females and males: the result of a complex interconnection of factors.

IF 3 3区医学 Q2 ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM

Endocrine Pub Date : 2025-06-21 DOI:10.1007/s12020-025-04317-5

Fiammetta Battheu, Cristina Clausi, Simona Censi, Caterina Mian

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to review the scientific evidence for the link between autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs) and sex, and the plausible causes of the female prevalence in AITDs.

Methods: An extensive literature search of published articles was conducted using online search engines.

Results: AITDs are more frequent in the female sex. Numerous studies have focused on the differences between males and females in their presentation of AITD and their response to therapy, sometimes with conflicting results. Several factors are considered to be responsible for the higher incidence of AITDs in females, crucial among which is the relationship between sex hormones and the immune system. In addition to hormones, there is also evidence that sex chromosomes, epigenetic factors, foetal microchimerism, the microbiota and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) play an important role in the predisposition of females to AITDs.

Conclusion: The prevalence of AITDs in the female sex appears to be attributable to numerous factors, the most important being the influence of sex hormones on the immune system.

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自身免疫性甲状腺疾病在女性和男性之间的差异：一个复杂的互连因素的结果。

目的：回顾自身免疫性甲状腺疾病（AITDs）与性别之间联系的科学证据，以及女性AITDs患病率的合理原因。方法：利用网络搜索引擎对已发表的文章进行广泛的文献检索。结果：艾滋病多发于女性。许多研究集中在男性和女性在AITD的表现和对治疗的反应方面的差异，有时结果相互矛盾。有几个因素被认为是导致女性艾滋病发病率较高的原因，其中至关重要的是性激素和免疫系统之间的关系。除了激素，也有证据表明，性染色体、表观遗传因素、胎儿微嵌合、微生物群和内分泌干扰化学物质（EDCs）在女性患AITDs的易感中起着重要作用。结论：女性艾滋病的流行与多种因素有关，其中最重要的是性激素对免疫系统的影响。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Endocrine ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM-

CiteScore

6.50

自引率

5.40%

发文量

295

审稿时长

1.5 months

期刊介绍： Well-established as a major journal in today’s rapidly advancing experimental and clinical research areas, Endocrine publishes original articles devoted to basic (including molecular, cellular and physiological studies), translational and clinical research in all the different fields of endocrinology and metabolism. Articles will be accepted based on peer-reviews, priority, and editorial decision. Invited reviews, mini-reviews and viewpoints on relevant pathophysiological and clinical topics, as well as Editorials on articles appearing in the Journal, are published. Unsolicited Editorials will be evaluated by the editorial team. Outcomes of scientific meetings, as well as guidelines and position statements, may be submitted. The Journal also considers special feature articles in the field of endocrine genetics and epigenetics, as well as articles devoted to novel methods and techniques in endocrinology. Endocrine covers controversial, clinical endocrine issues. Meta-analyses on endocrine and metabolic topics are also accepted. Descriptions of single clinical cases and/or small patients studies are not published unless of exceptional interest. However, reports of novel imaging studies and endocrine side effects in single patients may be considered. Research letters and letters to the editor related or unrelated to recently published articles can be submitted. Endocrine covers leading topics in endocrinology such as neuroendocrinology, pituitary and hypothalamic peptides, thyroid physiological and clinical aspects, bone and mineral metabolism and osteoporosis, obesity, lipid and energy metabolism and food intake control, insulin, Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, hormones of male and female reproduction, adrenal diseases pediatric and geriatric endocrinology, endocrine hypertension and endocrine oncology.