Influence of microenvironmental factors on tobacco consumption among Spanish youth

IF 1.7 Q2 PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH

Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health Pub Date : 2025-06-18 DOI:10.1016/j.cegh.2025.102109

Cristina Sota Rodrigo , María-Camino Escolar-Llamazares , Elvira Isabel Mercado Val , María Ángeles Martínez Martín , Ángela Sanllorente Rodríguez , María Consuelo Sáiz-Manzanares

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Introduction

The onset of tobacco use is occurring at increasingly younger ages. Numerous studies have identified risk and protective factors associated with smoking in adolescents, with family factors being among the most influential. Likewise, the group of friends and the role of teachers as role models also exert a notable influence on the onset of consumption.

Objective

To analyze the influence of social and family role models on tobacco consumption in adolescents, considering these factors as elements of the microenvironment.

Method

A retrospective cohort study was conducted at three points (2011, 2016 and 2019). The sample, incidental in nature, consisted of 3928 Spanish students aged 12–14 years, enrolled in Compulsory Secondary Education in 54 educational centers. Data collection was performed by means of a self-administered questionnaire designed ad hoc, with adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha). Previously, a health education and prevention program developed by the Spanish Association Against Cancer (Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer) was applied. Both the intervention and data collection complied with the established ethical principles. Statistical analysis included descriptive techniques, bivariate and multivariate analyses and binary logistic regression models.

Results

The influence of family and social models on tobacco use varied between cohorts. The paternal figure showed an influence of 1.3 % in 2011, .7 % in 2016, and 0.8 % in 2019; the maternal figure of 2.2 %, 1.5 % and 0.3 %, respectively. Siblings had an influence of 4.3 % in 2011, 1.6 % in 2016 and 0.5 % in 2019. The influence of the best friend was 23.2 % in 2011, 18.7 % in 2016 and 1.7 % in 2019. The figure of the teacher was relevant in 2011 (0.9 %) and 2019 (0.4 %). Regarding multivariate predictive models, in 2011 older age explained 10.5 % of consumption. In 2016, older age, peer pressure and less family communication explained 20.4 %. In 2019, younger age, more available money and peer pressure explained 2.4 % of consumption.

Conclusions

The results reinforce the importance of social and family patterns as risk factors in the early stages of adolescent smoking. The multicausal nature of smoking in this vital stage justifies the design of preventive interventions aimed at modifying risk factors and promoting protective factors.

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微环境因素对西班牙青少年烟草消费的影响

烟草使用的开始年龄越来越小。许多研究已经确定了与青少年吸烟有关的风险和保护因素，其中家庭因素是影响最大的因素之一。同样，朋友群体和教师的榜样作用对消费的发生也有显著的影响。目的分析社会和家庭角色模式对青少年烟草消费的影响，并将这些因素作为微环境因素。方法在2011年、2016年和2019年三个时间点进行回顾性队列研究。样本是偶然的，由3928名12-14岁的西班牙学生组成，他们在54个教育中心接受义务中等教育。数据收集是通过一份特别设计的自我管理问卷进行的，具有足够的内部一致性（Cronbach’s alpha）。以前，西班牙抗癌协会（Asociación Española Contra el Cáncer）制定了一项健康教育和预防方案。干预和数据收集都符合既定的伦理原则。统计分析包括描述技术、双变量和多变量分析以及二元逻辑回归模型。结果不同人群的家庭和社会模式对烟草使用的影响存在差异。父亲的影响在2011年为1.3%，2016年为0.7%，2019年为0.8%；产妇的数字分别为2.2%、1.5%和0.3%。兄弟姐妹的影响在2011年为4.3%，2016年为1.6%，2019年为0.5%。2011年好友的影响力为23.2%，2016年为18.7%，2019年为1.7%。教师的数字在2011年（0.9%）和2019年（0.4%）是相关的。在多变量预测模型中，2011年，老年人解释了10.5%的消费。2016年，20.4%的原因是年龄增大、同辈压力和家庭沟通减少。2019年，年龄更小、可用资金更多和同辈压力占消费的2.4%。结论社会和家庭模式是青少年早期吸烟的重要危险因素。在这一关键阶段吸烟的多因果性证明设计旨在改变危险因素和促进保护因素的预防性干预措施是合理的。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health PUBLIC, ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH-

CiteScore

4.60

自引率

7.70%

发文量

218

审稿时长

66 days

期刊介绍： Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health (CEGH) is a multidisciplinary journal and it is published four times (March, June, September, December) a year. The mandate of CEGH is to promote articles on clinical epidemiology with focus on developing countries in the context of global health. We also accept articles from other countries. It publishes original research work across all disciplines of medicine and allied sciences, related to clinical epidemiology and global health. The journal publishes Original articles, Review articles, Evidence Summaries, Letters to the Editor. All articles published in CEGH are peer-reviewed and published online for immediate access and citation.