Perceived Discrimination, Hypervigilance, and Visual Disabilities Among United States Adults: An Analysis of National Survey Data

IF 4.2 1区医学 Q1 OPHTHALMOLOGY

American Journal of Ophthalmology Pub Date : 2025-06-19 DOI:10.1016/j.ajo.2025.06.023

Patrick Akarapimand , John C. Lin , Fasika Woreta

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Objective

To investigate the association between visual disability and discrimination.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Participants

We employed data from the 2023 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), including only US adult participants who responded to both the NHIS modules on visual disability and discrimination.

Methods

Visual disability was defined as any reported difficulty with seeing even when wearing glasses or contact lenses. Adjusted Wald tests were performed to compare discrimination and hypervigilance between people with and without visual disabilities. Multiple ordinal regression models were employed to assess the associations between visual disability and Everyday Discrimination Scale (EDS) or Heightened Vigilance Scale (HVS), adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, household income, education level, and the number of chronic conditions such as arthritis, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, diabetes, and hypertension. Subgroup analyses across covariates were performed.

Main Outcomes Measures

Discrimination was measured through 2 validated tools: the EDS, assessing the frequency of unfair treatment, and the HVS, measuring how often individuals anticipate or prepare for discrimination.

Results

Total 28 615 adults were included in this study. 54.3% were female, 33.6% identified as from racial or ethnic minoritized backgrounds, and 19.6% reported having visual disabilities. The mean EDS score for people with visual disabilities was significantly higher than for those without disabilities (3.28 vs 2.30, P < .001), as well as the mean HVS score (4.12 vs 3.19, P < .001). In multiple ordinal regression, visual disability was significantly associated with higher scores on the EDS (adjusted OR: 1.74, 95% CI: 1.62-1.87) and higher scores on the HVS (adjusted OR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.51-1.72). This result was replicated across age and sex subgroup analyses.

Conclusions

People with visual disabilities reported more frequent discrimination and heightened vigilance. This underscores the urgent need for coordinated efforts across multiple sectors, such as healthcare, education, employment, and transportation, to address the discrimination faced by people with visual disabilities.

查看原文本刊更多论文

感知歧视，高度警惕，和视力障碍在美国成年人：全国调查数据的分析。

目的探讨视觉障碍与歧视的关系。DESIGNCross-sectional研究。我们采用了来自2023年全国健康访谈调查（NHIS）的数据，仅包括对NHIS关于视力障碍和歧视的模块都有反应的美国成年参与者。方法视力障碍定义为任何报告的视力困难，即使戴眼镜或隐形眼镜。采用校正Wald检验比较有视力障碍和无视力障碍人群的歧视和超警觉性。采用多元有序回归模型评估视力障碍与日常歧视量表（EDS）或高度警惕量表（HVS）之间的关系，调整了年龄、性别、种族/民族、家庭收入、教育水平以及关节炎、癌症、慢性阻塞性肺疾病、哮喘、糖尿病和高血压等慢性疾病的数量。对各协变量进行亚组分析。主要结果测量：通过两种经过验证的工具来测量歧视：EDS，评估不公平待遇的频率，HVS，测量个人预期或准备歧视的频率。结果共纳入28615名成人。其中54.3%为女性，33.6%为少数族裔背景，19.6%为视力障碍。视力障碍者的EDS平均评分显著高于无障碍者（3.28 vs 2.30, p<0.001）， HVS平均评分也显著高于无障碍者（4.12 vs 3.19, p<0.001）。在多元有序回归中，视觉障碍与EDS得分较高（校正OR: 1.74, 95% CI: 1.62-1.87）和HVS得分较高（校正OR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.51-1.72）显著相关。这一结果在不同年龄和性别的亚组分析中得到了重复。结论视障人群遭受歧视的频率较高，警惕性较高。这突出表明，迫切需要在医疗、教育、就业和交通等多个部门协调努力，以解决视力残疾人面临的歧视问题。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

American Journal of Ophthalmology 医学-眼科学

CiteScore

9.20

自引率

7.10%

发文量

406

审稿时长

36 days

期刊介绍： The American Journal of Ophthalmology is a peer-reviewed, scientific publication that welcomes the submission of original, previously unpublished manuscripts directed to ophthalmologists and visual science specialists describing clinical investigations, clinical observations, and clinically relevant laboratory investigations. Published monthly since 1884, the full text of the American Journal of Ophthalmology and supplementary material are also presented online at www.AJO.com and on ScienceDirect. The American Journal of Ophthalmology publishes Full-Length Articles, Perspectives, Editorials, Correspondences, Books Reports and Announcements. Brief Reports and Case Reports are no longer published. We recommend submitting Brief Reports and Case Reports to our companion publication, the American Journal of Ophthalmology Case Reports. Manuscripts are accepted with the understanding that they have not been and will not be published elsewhere substantially in any format, and that there are no ethical problems with the content or data collection. Authors may be requested to produce the data upon which the manuscript is based and to answer expeditiously any questions about the manuscript or its authors.