First report and evidence of multiple origins of diflubenzuron resistance alleles in Culex pipiens mosquito from Cyprus.

IF 3 2区医学 Q1 PARASITOLOGY

Parasites & Vectors Pub Date : 2025-06-20 DOI:10.1186/s13071-025-06889-7

Valentina Mastrantonio, Marlen Vasquez, Gregoris Notarides, Eleni Patsoula, Valentina Lucchesi, Flavio Piras, Romeo Bellini, Daniele Porretta

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Background: Insecticide resistance is one of the primary problems affecting vector control worldwide. Assessing the occurrence of resistant alleles and understanding their origin across the geographic range of vector species is crucial for effective resistance management. In populations of the mosquito Culex pipiens, point mutations conferring resistance to the insecticide diflubenzuron (DFB) were recently found across the Mediterranean basin. In this study, we investigated the possible occurrence of DFB resistance in Cyprus, where West Nile virus outbreaks have been documented in recent years.

Methods: We sequenced a fragment of the chitin-synthase 1 gene carrying the resistant mutations in individuals collected from 18 populations of Cx. pipiens in Cyprus to investigate the occurrence of DFB-resistant alleles. We then assessed the evolutionary origin of DFB-resistant alleles by reconstructing the phylogenetic relationships between susceptible and resistant alleles found across the Mediterranean basin.

Results: Our screening revealed the occurrence of the I1043F allele in all the districts analyzed. Notably, a new gene codon underlying the I1043F allele was detected. To our knowledge, this has not been previously reported in areas with DFB-resistance alleles in Cx. pipiens. In addition, we observed that the I1043F alleles detected in Cyprus have a different genetic background from those reported in other geographic areas, such as Italy and Turkey.

Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first time in which DFB resistance was revealed in Cx. pipiens populations occurring in Cyprus. Furthermore, we demonstrate that I1043F-resistant alleles have an independent origin in Cyprus, further supporting the hypothesis of a multiple independent origin of DFB resistance across the Mediterranean region. These results stress the need for regular resistance surveillance activities and the urgency of developing new mosquito control strategies.

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塞浦路斯淡纹库蚊对氟虫隆耐药等位基因多重来源的首次报告和证据。

背景：杀虫剂抗药性是影响全世界病媒控制的主要问题之一。评估抗性等位基因的发生情况并了解其在媒介物种地理范围内的来源，对于有效的抗性管理至关重要。最近在整个地中海盆地发现，在库蚊种群中，对杀虫剂灭氟虫隆（DFB）产生抗性的点突变。在这项研究中，我们调查了塞浦路斯可能发生的DFB耐药性，近年来西尼罗病毒在塞浦路斯爆发。方法：对18个鸡群中携带抗性突变的几丁质合成酶1基因片段进行测序。在塞浦路斯调查dfb抗性等位基因的发生。然后，我们通过重建在地中海盆地发现的易感和抗性等位基因之间的系统发育关系，评估了dfb抗性等位基因的进化起源。结果：I1043F等位基因在所有地区均有发现。值得注意的是，在I1043F等位基因下发现了一个新的基因密码子。据我们所知，这在Cx中具有dfb抗性等位基因的地区以前没有报道。侵害。此外，我们观察到在塞浦路斯检测到的I1043F等位基因与在意大利和土耳其等其他地理区域报告的等位基因具有不同的遗传背景。结论：据我们所知，这是首次在Cx中发现DFB耐药。在塞浦路斯出现的库蚊种群。此外，我们还证明，耐i1043f等位基因在塞浦路斯有一个独立的起源，这进一步支持了地中海地区DFB耐药有多个独立起源的假设。这些结果强调需要定期开展耐药性监测活动，并迫切需要制定新的蚊虫控制战略。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Parasites & Vectors 医学-寄生虫学

CiteScore

6.30

自引率

9.40%

发文量

433

审稿时长

1.4 months

期刊介绍： Parasites & Vectors is an open access, peer-reviewed online journal dealing with the biology of parasites, parasitic diseases, intermediate hosts, vectors and vector-borne pathogens. Manuscripts published in this journal will be available to all worldwide, with no barriers to access, immediately following acceptance. However, authors retain the copyright of their material and may use it, or distribute it, as they wish. Manuscripts on all aspects of the basic and applied biology of parasites, intermediate hosts, vectors and vector-borne pathogens will be considered. In addition to the traditional and well-established areas of science in these fields, we also aim to provide a vehicle for publication of the rapidly developing resources and technology in parasite, intermediate host and vector genomics and their impacts on biological research. We are able to publish large datasets and extensive results, frequently associated with genomic and post-genomic technologies, which are not readily accommodated in traditional journals. Manuscripts addressing broader issues, for example economics, social sciences and global climate change in relation to parasites, vectors and disease control, are also welcomed.