An Evaluation of Potential Sources of Toxic Metals in the Poultry Industry in Bangladesh: Dietary Exposure and Toxicological Implications

Abstract

Ongoing industrial development, coupled with rising concerns about the quality of poultry products, highlights an urgent need for careful monitoring of vital sectors, especially the poultry industry, which serves as an important source of protein for many families. In our study, we analyzed 45 real samples from five zones in the heavily industrialized area around Dhaka. We utilized advanced techniques such as graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS), hydride generation (HG)-AAS, and flame (F)-AAS methods to assess the presence of toxic heavy metals (HMs), including Pb, Cd, Cr, As, and Ni, as well as essential trace elements such as Mn, Cu, and Zn, which may become harmful when present at elevated levels. The concentration ranges in poultry meat and egg samples were as follows (mg/kg-fw): Pb (1.215–5.66), Cd (0.01–0.019), Cr (0.199–14.58), As (0.01–0.2), Ni (1.69–10.55), and Mn (0.22–6.47). Furthermore, the poultry feed samples presented varying concentrations (mg/kg): Pb (4.53–6.14), Cd (0.17–0.2), Cr (20.4–516.62), As (0.27–0.39), Ni (35.17–66.06), Mn (11.65–84.39), Cu (2.43–7.09), and Zn (17.38–56.38). Some components (Cr, Ni, and Pb) were found in similar ratios in chicken feed samples and poultry products, indicating that poultry feed is a potential source of such elements in poultry products. Newly identified higher levels of Ni demand further investigation into this sector and how it incorporates the studied components. The mean concentrations of most elements in foods exceeded the maximum allowable concentration (MAC), which indicates that some other sources were involved. Furthermore, the dietary and toxicological assessment highlighted concerns related to Cr, Pb, and Ni exposure, indicating a possible serious toxicological impact (CR index for Cr: 0.0014) on human health. Therefore, it is imperative to acknowledge the potential health risks posed to consumers through chemical exposure to chicken meat and eggs. These issues must be addressed to ensure food safety and protect public health.