Recent advances in the extraction of critical metals from spent lithium-ion batteries: Challenges and solutions- a review

Abstract

As the global energy structure shifts towards clean and renewable sources, the objective of achieving carbon neutrality has emerged as a focal point for the global public. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which are essential for facilitating the global energy transition, have garnered widespread attention due to their limited lifespan and the environmental pollution resulting from their disposal. The recovery and reuse of high-value cathode active materials (CAMs) is critical to the resource recycling process of spent LIBs (SLIBs). However, the recycling of CAMs from SLIBs poses significant challenges, including low material separation accuracy, suboptimal metal extraction efficiency and diminished product value. Consequently, this study systematically reviews and analyzes the latest advances in methods and principles for extracting critical metals from CAMs-SLIBs, both domestically and internationally, over the past five years. Initially, the methods for separating CAMs from SLIBs were examined. Subsequently, the latest separation and extraction techniques of CAMs were evaluated, including leaching, solvent extraction, and precipitation separation. Additionally, the conversion patterns of various metal ion during the enrichment and separation processes of the critical metal components of CAMs in the latest application cases from the past five years were systematically discussed and compared. Furthermore, the application pathways of new products derived from critical metal recycling were summarized, including CAMs, catalysts, energy storage electrodes, and other materials. Finally, based on the method of preparing diversified products using CAMs, a preliminary proposal for an efficient closed-loop extraction process for CAMs-SLIBs is presented. This proposal aims to provide a sustainable reference pathway for the resourceful recycling of critical metals from CAMs, maximizing resource utilization benefits while promoting sustainable economic development and protecting the ecological environment for friendly development.