Investigations of the Flavin-Dependent Monooxygenase PhzO Involved in Phenazine Biosynthesis

Abstract

Phenazines are bioactive secondary metabolites with antifungal, anticancer, and insecticidal properties, while hydroxylated derivatives often exhibit enhanced bioactivity. 2-hydroxyphenazine (2-OH-PHZ), which is synthesised by the flavin-dependent monooxygenase PhzO from phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA), shows better bioactivity against the pathogenic fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis vars. tritici. However, the low catalytic efficiency (10%–20% conversion) of PhzO limited 2-OH-PHZ production. To boost PhzO activity, engineering flavin reductase (Fre)-mediated FADH₂ regeneration was applied to Pseudomonas chlororaphis LX24AE. Remarkably, this approach improved catalytic efficiency from 25% to 40% and increased the production of a novel dihydroxylated derivative. Then, it was first characterised by UPLC-MS and NMR, and identified as 3,4-dihydroxyphenazine-1-carboxylic acid (3,4-OH-PCA). Next, the Fre-PhzO module through heterologous co-expression in P. putida KT2440 demonstrated a 4.5-fold enhancement in hydroxylation efficiency relative to the PhzO mono-component system, which also confirmed that PhzO and flavin reductase are essential for 3,4-OH-PCA biosynthesis. Moreover, in vitro assays further verified that PhzO exhibits FAD-dependent catalytic promiscuity, simultaneously generating 2-OH-PCA and 3,4-OH-PCA. Furthermore, in vitro and in vivo assays demonstrated that substrate concentration affected the distribution of products. Finally, cytotoxicity evaluation of the isolated 3,4-OH-PCA was performed, and it showed substantial inhibition against oesophageal cancer TE-1 cells and human cervical cancer HeLa cells with an IC₅₀ value of 8.55 μM and 17.69 μM, respectively. This work redefines PhzO as a promiscuous biocatalyst capable of dual hydroxylation, offering a modular platform for engineering bioactive phenazine derivatives.