Impact efficacy of sandwich structures with additively manufactured skins and elastomeric foam cores

IF 14.2 1区材料科学 Q1 ENGINEERING, MULTIDISCIPLINARY

Composites Part B: Engineering Pub Date : 2025-06-17 DOI:10.1016/j.compositesb.2025.112728

Sean Eckstein , George Youssef

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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Sandwich structures are ubiquitous in various applications due to their superior specific properties, attracting assiduous research under a broad range of loading conditions. Introducing additive manufacturing (3D printing) of composite skins and considering novel elastomeric core materials necessitate exploring the process-property interrelationship with emphasis on impact loading. Therefore, this research study aims to elucidate the impact efficacy of additively manufactured sandwich structures, hinging on 3D-printed skins using continuous carbon fiber polymer matrix composites. The 3D-printed skins are adhered to polyurea foam cores with superior impact efficacy and remarkable recoverability. One sample set was subjected to low-velocity impacts using an instrumented drop tower at 4.43 m/s, and another separate set was submitted to moderate-velocity impacts using a small-scale shock tube at 15 m/s. All mechanical testing was accompanied by high-speed digital image correlation (DIC) to elucidate the full field kinematic variables. The specimens were impacted under several testing parameters, including the size of the hemispherical impactor, sample configuration, mounting plate configuration, and impact velocity, to probe their dynamic behavior. The impact and deformation characteristics, including force-time, axial strain-time, and dynamic and permanent back-surface displacement signatures, were deduced from a high-fidelity force sensor, high-speed and high-resolution DIC, and a laser displacement sensor, respectively, and thoroughly analyzed to understand the efficacy of the newly designed sandwich structures. Reconstructive optical microscopy revealed the damage and failure that the structures endured. Across all sample configurations and testing parameters, the structures yielded an energy absorption of >91 % of the input impact energy, exemplifying impact mitigation capabilities ideal for protective sports gear and structural components in aerospace, automotive, and defense applications.

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增材制造表皮和弹性体泡沫芯夹层结构的冲击性能

夹层结构由于其优越的特殊性能在各种应用中无处不在，在广泛的载荷条件下引起了人们的不懈研究。引入增材制造（3D打印）复合材料蒙皮，并考虑新型弹性体芯材，需要探索工艺性能之间的相互关系，重点是冲击载荷。因此，本研究旨在阐明增材制造的三明治结构，铰接在3d打印皮肤上使用连续碳纤维聚合物基复合材料的冲击效果。3d打印皮肤粘附在聚脲泡沫芯上，具有优异的冲击效能和显著的可恢复性。其中一组样本以4.43米/秒的速度使用仪器降落塔进行低速冲击，另一组样本则以15米/秒的速度使用小型激波管进行中速冲击。所有力学测试都伴随着高速数字图像相关（DIC）来阐明全场运动学变量。在半球形冲击器的尺寸、试样结构、安装板结构和冲击速度等参数下，对试样进行了冲击试验，探讨了试样的动力学行为。通过高保真力传感器、高速高分辨率DIC和激光位移传感器，分别分析了冲击和变形特性，包括力时间、轴向应变时间、动态和永久后表面位移特征，并对新设计的夹层结构的有效性进行了深入分析。重建光学显微镜显示了结构所承受的损伤和破坏。在所有样品配置和测试参数中，该结构产生的能量吸收为输入冲击能量的91%，证明了在航空航天、汽车和国防应用中防护运动装备和结构部件的理想冲击缓解能力。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Composites Part B: Engineering 工程技术-材料科学：复合

CiteScore

24.40

自引率

11.50%

发文量

784

审稿时长

21 days

期刊介绍： Composites Part B: Engineering is a journal that publishes impactful research of high quality on composite materials. This research is supported by fundamental mechanics and materials science and engineering approaches. The targeted research can cover a wide range of length scales, ranging from nano to micro and meso, and even to the full product and structure level. The journal specifically focuses on engineering applications that involve high performance composites. These applications can range from low volume and high cost to high volume and low cost composite development. The main goal of the journal is to provide a platform for the prompt publication of original and high quality research. The emphasis is on design, development, modeling, validation, and manufacturing of engineering details and concepts. The journal welcomes both basic research papers and proposals for review articles. Authors are encouraged to address challenges across various application areas. These areas include, but are not limited to, aerospace, automotive, and other surface transportation. The journal also covers energy-related applications, with a focus on renewable energy. Other application areas include infrastructure, off-shore and maritime projects, health care technology, and recreational products.